China Largest Manufacturer factory Supply Bronopol CAS 1415-93-6 CAS NO.52-51-7

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Bronopol Basic information Product Name: Bronopol Synonyms: Bronopol 1g [52-51-7];Broken Ball;2-BroMo-2-nitropropane-1;3-diol (Bronopol);Bronopol(2-BroMo-2-nitro-1,3-propanedio1);2-BroMo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol, 98% 25GR;Bronopol BNPD;Bronopol 0 CAS: 52-51-7 MF: C3H6BrNO4 MW: 199.99 EINECS: 200-143-0 Product Categories: Antibacterial agent;Antiseptic-water treatment-bactericide-Bronopol;Building Blocks;Chemical Synthesis;Organic Building Blocks;Oxygen Compounds;Propanes/propenes;FUNGICIDE;Biocide;water treatment agent;Polyols;Food additive;CHEMICAL Mol File: 52-51-7.mol   Bronopol Chemical Properties Melting point  130-133 °C(lit.) Boiling point  358.0±42.0 °C(Predicted) density  2.0002 (rough estimate) refractive index  1.6200 (estimate) Fp  167°C storage temp.  Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature solubility  H2O: soluble100mg/mL, clear, colorless to faintly yellow pka 12.02±0.10(Predicted) form  Crystals or Crystalline Powder color  White to yellow Water Solubility  25 g/100 mL (22 ºC) Merck  14,1447 BRN  1705868 Stability: Stable. Hygroscopic. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, strong reducing agents, acid chlorides and anhydrides, moisture. CAS DataBase Reference 52-51-7(CAS DataBase Reference) NIST Chemistry Reference Bronopol(52-51-7) EPA Substance Registry System Bronopol (52-51-7)   Safety Information Hazard Codes  Xn,N Risk Statements  21/22-37/38-41-50 Safety Statements  26-37/39-61-36/37/39 RIDADR  UN 3241 4.1/PG 3 WGK Germany  2 RTECS  TY3385000 F  4.2-8-9-21 TSCA  Yes HazardClass  4.1 PackingGroup  III HS Code  29055999 Hazardous Substances Data 52-51-7(Hazardous Substances Data) Toxicity LD50 in mice, rats (mg/kg): 350, 400 orally (Croshaw) MSDS Information Provider Language Bronopol English ACROS English SigmaAldrich English ALFA English   Bronopol Usage And Synthesis Description Bronopol, a formaldehyde releaser, was reported as an allergen in dairy workers. In a recent case report, bronopol was contained in a lubricant jelly used for ultrasound examination and caused contact dermatitis in a veterinary surgeon. Chemical Properties Bronopol is a white or almost white crystalline powder; odorless or with a faint characteristic odor. Originator Bronosol,Green Cross,Japan,1977 Uses Bronopol has been used as reference standard in ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (UPLC-ICP-MS) method for determination of bromine containing preservatives from cosmetic products. Uses First synthesized in 1897, bronopol was primarily used as an effective preservative agent and possesses a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity and inhibits the growth of fungi and yeasts. It can be used in the formulation of a wide variety of cosmetic and personal care products, especially in leave-on and rinse-off shampoos, creams, lotions, rinses and eye makeup to protect the product integrity by preventing or slowing bacterial growth. Bronopol is used as a microbiocide/microbiostat in oil field systems, air washer systems, air conditioning/humidifying systems, cooling water systems, papermills, absorbent clays, metal working fluids, printing inks, paints, adhesives and consumer/institutional products. A formulating technical material is also registered. # # Production Methods Bronopol is synthesized by the reaction of nitromethane with paraformaldehyde in an alkaline environment, followed by bromination. After crystallization, bronopol powder may be milled to produce a powder of the required fineness. Manufacturing Process A mixture of 441 g (3 mols) of calcium chloride dihydrate, 61 g (1 mol) of nitromethane, 163 g (2 mols) of formalin (37% formaldehyde solution) and 470 ml of water was cooled to 0°C and mixed with 5 g of calcium hydroxide while stirring. The temperature thereby rose to 30°C. As soon as the temperature had fallen again, a further 32 g of calcium hydroxide (total of 0.5 mol) were added. The mixture was then cooled to 0°C and with intensive cooling and stirring, 159.8 g (1 mol, 51 ml) of bromine were dropped in at a rate so that the temperature remained at around 0°C. After the addition was ended, the mixture was stirred for a further 2 hours, when the reaction product separated in crystalline form. The product was quickly filtered on a suction filter and the crystalline sludge obtained was taken up in 450 ml of ethylene chloride and dissolved at reflux. Then by addition of magnesium sulfate, undissolved inorganic salts were separated and the solution was slowly cooled whereby 140 g (70% yield) of 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol precipitated in colorless crystals melting at 123°-124°C. Therapeutic Function Antiseptic Biological Functions Bronopol, 2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol, is an aliphatic halogenonitro compound with potent antibacterial activity but limited activity against fungi(Guthrie, 1999).Its activity is reduced somewhat by 10% serum and to a greater extent by sulphydryl compounds, but is unaffected by 1% polysorbate or 0.1% lecithin. It has a half-life of about 96 daysat pH 8 and 25oC (Toler, 1985). Bronopol is most stable under acid conditons;the initial decomposition appears to involve the liberation of formaldehyde and the formulation of bromonitroethanol. A secondorder reaction involving bronopol and formaldehyde occurs simultaneously to produce 2-hydro-xymethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol, which itself decomposes with the loss of formaldehyde. Bronopol has been employed extensively as a preservative for pharmaceuticalandcosmetic products.However, its use to preserve products containing secondary amines should be avoided as the by-product of this reaction is nitrosoamine which is carcinogenic. Details of the microbiological activity,chemical stability,toxicology and uses of bronopol are documented by Bryce et al. (1978),Croshaw & Holland (1984)，Toler (1985) and Rossmorc and Sondossi (1988). Dcnyer and Wallhausser (1990) have provided useful information about bronopol, the typical in-use concentration of which is 0.01-0.1% w/v. Sulphhydryl compounds act as appropriate neutralizers inpreservative efficacy tests. General Description White crystals. Ignite easily and burn readily. May detonate under strong shock. Decomposes when heated, evolving toxic gases. Toxic by skin absorption, inhalation or ingestion. Air & Water Reactions Highly flammable. Water soluble. Reactivity Profile Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, strong reducing agents, acid chlorides and acid anhydrides. 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol is also incompatible with sulfhydryl compounds or with aluminum or iron containers (it is stable in contact with tin or stainless steel). Hazard Toxic by all routes of exposure; skin irritant. Health Hazard Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution. Fire Hazard Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some may burn rapidly with flare burning effect. Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence. Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. Pharmaceutical Applications Bronopol 0.01–0.1% w/v is used as an antimicrobial preservative either alone or in combination with other preservatives in topical pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetics, and toiletries; the usual concentration is 0.02% w/v. Contact allergens Bronopol is a preservative sometimes considered as a formaldehyde releaser. It was reported to be an allergen in cosmetics, cleaning agents, dairy workers, and a lubricant jelly used for ultrasound examination. # # Safety Profile Poison by ingestion, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by skin contact. An eye and human skin irritant. An antiseptic. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NOx, and Br-. Safety Bronopol is used widely in topical pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetics as an antimicrobial preservative. Although bronopol has been reported to cause both irritant and hypersensitivity adverse reactions following topical use, it is generally regarded as a nonirritant and nonsensitizing material at concentrations up to 0.1% w/v. At a concentration of 0.02% w/v, bronopol is frequently used as a preservative in ‘hypoallergenic’ formulations. Animal toxicity studies have shown no evidence of phototoxicity or tumor occurrence when bronopol is applied to rodents topically or administered orally; and there is no in vitro or in vivo evidence of mutagenicity; this is despite the demonstrated potential of bronopol to liberate nitrite on decomposition, which in the presence of certain amines may generate nitrosamines. Formation of nitrosamines in formulations containing amines may be reduced by limiting the concentration of bronopol to 0.01% w/v and including an antioxidant such as 0.2% w/v alpha tocopherol or 0.05% w/v butylated hydroxytoluene;(14) other inhibitor systems may also be appropriate. LD50 (dog, oral): 250 mg/kg LD50 (mouse, IP): 15.5 mg/kg LD50 (mouse, IV): 48 mg/kg LD50 (mouse, oral): 270 mg/kg LD50 (mouse, SC): 116 mg/kg LD50 (mouse, skin): 4.75 g/kg LD50 (rat, IP): 26 mg/kg LD50 (rat, IV): 37.4 mg/kg LD50 (rat, oral): 180 mg/kg LD50 (rat, SC): 170 mg/kg LD50 (rat, skin): 1.6 g/kg storage Bronopol is stable and its antimicrobial activity is practically unaffected when stored as a solid at room temperature and ambient relative humidity for up to 2 years. The pH of a 1.0% w/v aqueous solution is 5.0–6.0 and falls slowly during storage; solutions are more stable in acid conditions. Microbiological assay results indicate longer half-lives than those obtained by HPLC and thus suggest that degradation products may contribute to antimicrobial activity. Formaldehyde and nitrites are among the decomposition products, but formaldehyde arises in such low concentrations that its antimicrobial effect is not likely to be significant. On exposure to light, especially under alkaline conditions, solutions become yellow or brown-colored but the degree of discoloration does not directly correlate with loss of antimicrobial activity. The bulk material should be stored in a well-closed, nonaluminum container protected from light, in a cool, dry place. Incompatibilities Sulfhydryl compounds cause significant reductions in the activity of bronopol, and cysteine hydrochloride may be used as the deactivating agent in preservative efficacy tests; lecithin/polysorbate combinations are unsuitable for this purpose. Bronopol is incompatible with sodium thiosulfate, with sodium metabisulfite, and with amine oxide or protein hydrolysate surfactants. Owing to an incompatibility with aluminum, the use of aluminum in the packaging of products that contain bronopol should be avoided. Regulatory Status Included in topical pharmaceutical formulations licensed in Europe. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.   Bronopol Preparation Products And Raw materials Raw materials Methanol-->Diethyl ether-->Government regulation-->Potassium hydroxide-->Formaldehyde-->Sodium methoxide-->Nitromethane-->Dichloroethane-->1,3-Propanediol Preparation Products 2-Bromo-2-nitroethanol-->2,2-Dibromo-2-nitroethanol

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Leader Biochemical Group is a large leader incorporated industry manufacturers and suppliers of advanced refined raw materials From the year of 1996 when our factory was put into production to year of 2020, our group has successively invested in more than 52 factories with shares and subordinates.We focus on manufacture Pharm & chemicals, functional active ingredients, nutritional Ingredients, health care products, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and refined feed, oil, natural plant ingredients industries to provide top quality of GMP standards products.All the invested factories' product lines cover API and intermediates, vitamins, amino acids, plant extracts, daily chemical products, cosmetics raw materials, nutrition and health care products, food additives, feed additives, essential oil products, fine chemical products and agricultural chemical raw materials And flavors and fragrances. Especially in the field of vitamins, amino acids, pharmaceutical raw materials and cosmetic raw materials, we have more than 20 years of production and sales experience. All products meet the requirements of high international export standards and have been recognized by customers all over the world. Our manufacture basement & R&D center located in National Aerospace Economic & Technical Development Zone Xi`an Shaanxi China. Now not only relying on self-cultivation and development as well as maintains good cooperative relations with many famous research institutes and universities in China. Now, we have closely cooperation with Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing Institute of Material Medical of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Zhejiang University. Closely cooperation with them not only integrating Science and technology resources, but also increasing the R&D speed and improving our R&D power. Offering Powerful Tech supporting Platform for group development. Keep serve the manufacture and the market as the R&D central task, focus on the technical research.  Now there are 3 technology R & D platforms including biological extract, microorganism fermentation and chemical synthesis, and can independently research and develop kinds of difficult APIs and pharmaceutical intermediates. With the strong support of China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry (hereinafter short for CSIPI), earlier known as Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry (SIPI), we have unique advantages in the R & D and industrialization of high-grade, precision and advanced products.  Now our Group technical force is abundant, existing staff more that 1000 people, senior professional and technical staff accounted for more than 50% of the total number of employees, including 15 PhD research and development personnel, 5 master′ S degree in technical and management personnel 9 people. We have advanced equipment like fermentation equipment and technology also extraction, isolation, purification, synthesis with rich production experience and strict quality control system, According to the GMP required, quickly transforming the R&D results to industrial production in time, it is our advantages and our products are exported to North and South America, Europe, Middle East, Africa, and other five continents and scale the forefront in the nation, won good international reputation.  We believe only good quality can bring good cooperation, quality is our key spirit during our production, we are warmly welcome clients and partner from all over the world contact us for everlasting cooperation, Leader will be your strong, sincere and reliable partner in China.

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Bronopol Basic information Product Name: Bronopol Synonyms: Bronopol 1g [52-51-7];Broken Ball;2-BroMo-2-nitropropane-1;3-diol (Bronopol);Bronopol(2-BroMo-2-nitro-1,3-propanedio1);2-BroMo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol, 98% 25GR;Bronopol BNPD;Bronopol 0 CAS: 52-51-7 MF: C3H6BrNO4 MW: 199.99 EINECS: 200-143-0 Product Categories: Antibacterial agent;Antiseptic-water treatment-bactericide-Bronopol;Building Blocks;Chemical Synthesis;Organic Building Blocks;Oxygen Compounds;Propanes/propenes;FUNGICIDE;Biocide;water treatment agent;Polyols;Food additive;CHEMICAL Mol File: 52-51-7.mol   Bronopol Chemical Properties Melting point  130-133 °C(lit.) Boiling point  358.0±42.0 °C(Predicted) density  2.0002 (rough estimate) refractive index  1.6200 (estimate) Fp  167°C storage temp.  Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature solubility  H2O: soluble100mg/mL, clear, colorless to faintly yellow pka 12.02±0.10(Predicted) form  Crystals or Crystalline Powder color  White to yellow Water Solubility  25 g/100 mL (22 ºC) Merck  14,1447 BRN  1705868 Stability: Stable. Hygroscopic. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, strong reducing agents, acid chlorides and anhydrides, moisture. CAS DataBase Reference 52-51-7(CAS DataBase Reference) NIST Chemistry Reference Bronopol(52-51-7) EPA Substance Registry System Bronopol (52-51-7)   Safety Information Hazard Codes  Xn,N Risk Statements  21/22-37/38-41-50 Safety Statements  26-37/39-61-36/37/39 RIDADR  UN 3241 4.1/PG 3 WGK Germany  2 RTECS  TY3385000 F  4.2-8-9-21 TSCA  Yes HazardClass  4.1 PackingGroup  III HS Code  29055999 Hazardous Substances Data 52-51-7(Hazardous Substances Data) Toxicity LD50 in mice, rats (mg/kg): 350, 400 orally (Croshaw) MSDS Information Provider Language Bronopol English ACROS English SigmaAldrich English ALFA English   Bronopol Usage And Synthesis Description Bronopol, a formaldehyde releaser, was reported as an allergen in dairy workers. In a recent case report, bronopol was contained in a lubricant jelly used for ultrasound examination and caused contact dermatitis in a veterinary surgeon. Chemical Properties Bronopol is a white or almost white crystalline powder; odorless or with a faint characteristic odor. Originator Bronosol,Green Cross,Japan,1977 Uses Bronopol has been used as reference standard in ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (UPLC-ICP-MS) method for determination of bromine containing preservatives from cosmetic products. Uses First synthesized in 1897, bronopol was primarily used as an effective preservative agent and possesses a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity and inhibits the growth of fungi and yeasts. It can be used in the formulation of a wide variety of cosmetic and personal care products, especially in leave-on and rinse-off shampoos, creams, lotions, rinses and eye makeup to protect the product integrity by preventing or slowing bacterial growth. Bronopol is used as a microbiocide/microbiostat in oil field systems, air washer systems, air conditioning/humidifying systems, cooling water systems, papermills, absorbent clays, metal working fluids, printing inks, paints, adhesives and consumer/institutional products. A formulating technical material is also registered. # # Production Methods Bronopol is synthesized by the reaction of nitromethane with paraformaldehyde in an alkaline environment, followed by bromination. After crystallization, bronopol powder may be milled to produce a powder of the required fineness. Manufacturing Process A mixture of 441 g (3 mols) of calcium chloride dihydrate, 61 g (1 mol) of nitromethane, 163 g (2 mols) of formalin (37% formaldehyde solution) and 470 ml of water was cooled to 0°C and mixed with 5 g of calcium hydroxide while stirring. The temperature thereby rose to 30°C. As soon as the temperature had fallen again, a further 32 g of calcium hydroxide (total of 0.5 mol) were added. The mixture was then cooled to 0°C and with intensive cooling and stirring, 159.8 g (1 mol, 51 ml) of bromine were dropped in at a rate so that the temperature remained at around 0°C. After the addition was ended, the mixture was stirred for a further 2 hours, when the reaction product separated in crystalline form. The product was quickly filtered on a suction filter and the crystalline sludge obtained was taken up in 450 ml of ethylene chloride and dissolved at reflux. Then by addition of magnesium sulfate, undissolved inorganic salts were separated and the solution was slowly cooled whereby 140 g (70% yield) of 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol precipitated in colorless crystals melting at 123°-124°C. Therapeutic Function Antiseptic Biological Functions Bronopol, 2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol, is an aliphatic halogenonitro compound with potent antibacterial activity but limited activity against fungi(Guthrie, 1999).Its activity is reduced somewhat by 10% serum and to a greater extent by sulphydryl compounds, but is unaffected by 1% polysorbate or 0.1% lecithin. It has a half-life of about 96 daysat pH 8 and 25oC (Toler, 1985). Bronopol is most stable under acid conditons;the initial decomposition appears to involve the liberation of formaldehyde and the formulation of bromonitroethanol. A secondorder reaction involving bronopol and formaldehyde occurs simultaneously to produce 2-hydro-xymethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol, which itself decomposes with the loss of formaldehyde. Bronopol has been employed extensively as a preservative for pharmaceuticalandcosmetic products.However, its use to preserve products containing secondary amines should be avoided as the by-product of this reaction is nitrosoamine which is carcinogenic. Details of the microbiological activity,chemical stability,toxicology and uses of bronopol are documented by Bryce et al. (1978),Croshaw & Holland (1984)，Toler (1985) and Rossmorc and Sondossi (1988). Dcnyer and Wallhausser (1990) have provided useful information about bronopol, the typical in-use concentration of which is 0.01-0.1% w/v. Sulphhydryl compounds act as appropriate neutralizers inpreservative efficacy tests. General Description White crystals. Ignite easily and burn readily. May detonate under strong shock. Decomposes when heated, evolving toxic gases. Toxic by skin absorption, inhalation or ingestion. Air & Water Reactions Highly flammable. Water soluble. Reactivity Profile Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, strong reducing agents, acid chlorides and acid anhydrides. 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol is also incompatible with sulfhydryl compounds or with aluminum or iron containers (it is stable in contact with tin or stainless steel). Hazard Toxic by all routes of exposure; skin irritant. Health Hazard Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution. Fire Hazard Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some may burn rapidly with flare burning effect. Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence. Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. Pharmaceutical Applications Bronopol 0.01–0.1% w/v is used as an antimicrobial preservative either alone or in combination with other preservatives in topical pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetics, and toiletries; the usual concentration is 0.02% w/v. Contact allergens Bronopol is a preservative sometimes considered as a formaldehyde releaser. It was reported to be an allergen in cosmetics, cleaning agents, dairy workers, and a lubricant jelly used for ultrasound examination. # # Safety Profile Poison by ingestion, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by skin contact. An eye and human skin irritant. An antiseptic. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NOx, and Br-. Safety Bronopol is used widely in topical pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetics as an antimicrobial preservative. Although bronopol has been reported to cause both irritant and hypersensitivity adverse reactions following topical use, it is generally regarded as a nonirritant and nonsensitizing material at concentrations up to 0.1% w/v. At a concentration of 0.02% w/v, bronopol is frequently used as a preservative in ‘hypoallergenic’ formulations. Animal toxicity studies have shown no evidence of phototoxicity or tumor occurrence when bronopol is applied to rodents topically or administered orally; and there is no in vitro or in vivo evidence of mutagenicity; this is despite the demonstrated potential of bronopol to liberate nitrite on decomposition, which in the presence of certain amines may generate nitrosamines. Formation of nitrosamines in formulations containing amines may be reduced by limiting the concentration of bronopol to 0.01% w/v and including an antioxidant such as 0.2% w/v alpha tocopherol or 0.05% w/v butylated hydroxytoluene;(14) other inhibitor systems may also be appropriate. LD50 (dog, oral): 250 mg/kg LD50 (mouse, IP): 15.5 mg/kg LD50 (mouse, IV): 48 mg/kg LD50 (mouse, oral): 270 mg/kg LD50 (mouse, SC): 116 mg/kg LD50 (mouse, skin): 4.75 g/kg LD50 (rat, IP): 26 mg/kg LD50 (rat, IV): 37.4 mg/kg LD50 (rat, oral): 180 mg/kg LD50 (rat, SC): 170 mg/kg LD50 (rat, skin): 1.6 g/kg storage Bronopol is stable and its antimicrobial activity is practically unaffected when stored as a solid at room temperature and ambient relative humidity for up to 2 years. The pH of a 1.0% w/v aqueous solution is 5.0–6.0 and falls slowly during storage; solutions are more stable in acid conditions. Microbiological assay results indicate longer half-lives than those obtained by HPLC and thus suggest that degradation products may contribute to antimicrobial activity. Formaldehyde and nitrites are among the decomposition products, but formaldehyde arises in such low concentrations that its antimicrobial effect is not likely to be significant. On exposure to light, especially under alkaline conditions, solutions become yellow or brown-colored but the degree of discoloration does not directly correlate with loss of antimicrobial activity. The bulk material should be stored in a well-closed, nonaluminum container protected from light, in a cool, dry place. Incompatibilities Sulfhydryl compounds cause significant reductions in the activity of bronopol, and cysteine hydrochloride may be used as the deactivating agent in preservative efficacy tests; lecithin/polysorbate combinations are unsuitable for this purpose. Bronopol is incompatible with sodium thiosulfate, with sodium metabisulfite, and with amine oxide or protein hydrolysate surfactants. Owing to an incompatibility with aluminum, the use of aluminum in the packaging of products that contain bronopol should be avoided. Regulatory Status Included in topical pharmaceutical formulations licensed in Europe. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.   Bronopol Preparation Products And Raw materials Raw materials Methanol-->Diethyl ether-->Government regulation-->Potassium hydroxide-->Formaldehyde-->Sodium methoxide-->Nitromethane-->Dichloroethane-->1,3-Propanediol Preparation Products 2-Bromo-2-nitroethanol-->2,2-Dibromo-2-nitroethanol