China Manufacturer factory sales GLYCINE CAS 56-40-6 CAS NO.56-40-6

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Glycine Basic information Amino acids with the simplest structure History of discovery Content Analysis Biosynthesis of glycine production Uses Product Name: Glycine Synonyms: BLOTTING BUFFER;USP24 GLYCINE USP24;GLYCINE TECHNICAL;GLYCINE USP;Glycine (Feed Grade);Glycine (Food Grade);Glycine (Pharm Grade);Glycine (Tech Grade) CAS: 56-40-6 MF: C2H5NO2 MW: 75.07 EINECS: 200-272-2 Product Categories: API's;Aminoacid;alpha-Amino Acids;Reagents for Electrophoresis;Amino Acids;amino;Glycine [Gly, G];Amino Acids and Derivatives;Amino Acids;Biochemistry;omega-Aminocarboxylic Acids;omega-Functional Alkanols, Carboxylic Acids, Amines & Halides;Glycine;Benzothiazoles,Thiazoles;GABA/Glycine receptor;Amino Acids & Derivatives Mol File: 56-40-6.mol   Glycine Chemical Properties Melting point  240 °C (dec.) (lit.) Boiling point  233°C density  1.595 vapor pressure  0.0000171 Pa (25 °C) FEMA  3287 | GLYCINE refractive index  1.4264 (estimate) Fp  176.67°C storage temp.  2-8°C solubility  H2O: 100 mg/mL form  powder pka 2.35(at 25℃) color  <5 (200 mg/mL)(APHA) Odor Odorless PH 4(0.2 molar aqueous solution) PH Range 4 Water Solubility  25 g/100 mL (25 ºC) λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.05 λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.05 JECFA Number 1421 Merck  14,4491 BRN  635782 Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. InChIKey DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N CAS DataBase Reference 56-40-6(CAS DataBase Reference) NIST Chemistry Reference Glycine(56-40-6) EPA Substance Registry System Glycine (56-40-6)   Safety Information Risk Statements  33 Safety Statements  22-24/25 WGK Germany  2 RTECS  MB7600000 TSCA  Yes HS Code  29224910 Hazardous Substances Data 56-40-6(Hazardous Substances Data) Toxicity LD50 orally in Rabbit: 7930 mg/kg MSDS Information Provider Language Monazol English   Glycine Usage And Synthesis Amino acids with the simplest structure Glycine is of the simplest structure in the 20 members of amino acid series, also known as amino acetate. It is a non-essential amino acid for the human body and contains both acidic and basic functional group inside its molecule. It exhibits as a strong electrolyte an aqueous solution, and has a large solubility in strong polar solvents but almost insoluble in non-polar solvents. Moreover, it also has a relative high melting point and boiling point. The adjustment of the pH of the aqueous solution can make glycine exhibit different molecular forms. The side chain of glycine contains only a hydrogen atom. Owing to another hydrogen atom connecting to the α-carbon atom, the glycine is not optical isomer. Since the side bond of glycine is very small, it can occupy space which can’t be occupied by other amino acids, such as those amino acids located within the collagen helix. At room temperature, it exhibits as white crystal or light yellow crystalline powder and has a unique sweet taste which can ease the taste of acid and alkaline taste, masking the bitter taste of saccharin in food and enhance the sweetness. However, if an excessive amount of glycine is absorbed by body, they not only can’t be totally absorbed by the body, but will also break the balance of the body's absorption of amino acids as well as affect the absorption of other kinds of amino acids, leading to nutrient imbalances and negatively affected health. The milk drink with glycine being the major raw material can easily does harm to the normal growth and development of young people and children. It has a density of 1.1607, melting point of 232~236 °C (decomposition). It is soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol and ether. It is capable of acting together with hydrochloric acid to form hydrochloride salt. It is presented in the muscles of animals. IT can be produced from the reaction between monochloro acetate and ammonium hydroxide as well as from the hydrolysis of gelation with further refining. History of discovery Amino acids are organic acids containing an amino group and are the basic units of protein. They are generally colorless crystals with a relative high melting point (over 200 °C). It is soluble in water with amphiprotic ionization characteristics and can have sensitive colorimetric reaction with ninhydrin reagent. In 1820, glycine with the simplest structure was first discovered in a protein hydrolysis product. Until 1940, it has been found that there were about 20 kinds of amino acids in nature. They are necessary for the protein synthesis of both human and animal. They are mostly α-L-type amino acids. According to the different number of amino groups and carboxyl groups contained in amino acids, we classify amino acids into neutral amino acids (glycine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, cystine, cysteine, A methionine, threonine, serine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, proline and hydroxyproline, etc.) with the amino acid molecules containing only one amino group and a carboxyl group; acidic amino acid (glutamate, aspartate) which contains two carboxyl and one amino group; alkaline amino acids (lysine, arginine) which molecularly contains one carboxyl group and two amino groups; Histidine contains a nitrogen ring which exhibits weakly alkaline and thus also belonging to alkaline amino acids. Amino acids can be obtained both from protein hydrolysis and from chemical synthesis. Since the 1960s, industrial production mainly applied microbial fermentation, such as monosodium glutamate factory has been widely applied fermentation method for production of glutamate. In recent years, people has also applied petroleum hydrocarbons and other chemical products as raw materials of fermentation for production of amino acids. The above information is edited by the Chemicalbook of Dai Xiongfeng. Content Analysis Accurately weigh 175 mg of sample which has undergone drying for 2 h at 105 °C and place it in a 250m1 flask, add 50 mL of glacial acetic acid for dissolving; add 2 drops of crystal violet test solution (TS-74); titrate with 0.1ml/L perchloric acid to blue-green endpoint. At the same time carry out a blank test, and make the necessary corrections. Each mL of 0.1mol/L perchloric acid is equivalent to glycine (C2H5NO2) 7.507mg. Biosynthesis of glycine production In the late 1980s, Japan's Mitsubishi Corporation added the screened aerobic Agrobacterium, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium genus to the medium containing carbon, nitrogen and inorganic nutrient solution for cultivation, and then applied this class of bacteria for converting ethanolamine to glycine in 25~45 °C and pH value from 4 to 9 and further applied concentration, neutralization ion exchange treatment to get the glycine product. After entering the 1990s, there had been new progress on the production technology of glycine in foreign countries. The Nitto Chemical Industry Co (Japan) add cultured pseudomonas genus, casein bacteria genus, and alcaligenes genus and other species in 0.5% (mass fraction, dry weight) to the glycine amine-containing matrix for reaction of 45 h under 30 °C and pH value of 7.9 to 8.1 with almost all glycine amine being hydrolyzed into glycine with the conversion rate of 99%. Although biological methods are still in the research stage, however, owing to its high selectivity, non-pollution property, it will be a synthetic route with highly development potential. Uses Used for the pharmaceutical industry, organic synthesis and biochemical analysis. Used as a buffer for the preparation of tissue culture media and the testing of copper, gold and silver. In medicine, it is used for the treatment of myasthenia gravis and progressive muscular atrophy, hyperacidity, chronic enteritis, and children hyperprolinemia diseases. Used for the treatment of myasthenia gravis and progressive muscular atrophy; treatment of excess stomach acid ester disease, chronic enteritis (often in combination antacid); using in combination with aspirin can reduce the irritation of the stomach; treatment of children hyperprolinemia; as the nitrogen source for generating non-essential amino acid and can be added to a mixed amino acid injection. Glycine is primarily used as a nutritional additive in chicken feed. Used as a kind of nutritional supplement which is mainly used for flavoring. Flavoring agent: Used for alcoholic beverage in combination with alanine; the addition amount: grape wine: 0.4%, whiskey: 0.2%, champagne: 1.0%. Others such as powder soup: 2%; lees marinated foods: 1%. Because it is tasted like shrimp and cuttlefish, and thus can be used in sauces. It has some certain inhibitory effects on the Bacillus subtilis and E. coli and thus can be used as the preservatives of surimi products and peanut butter with the added amount being 1% to 2%. Buffering effect: Because glycine is amphiprotic ions containing both amino and carboxyl groups, it has a strong buffering property on the taste feeling of salt and vinegar. The added amount is: salted products: 0.3% to 0.7%, acid stain product: 0.05% to 0.5%. Antioxidant effect (with its metal chelation): being added to butter, cheese, and margarine extend the storage duration by 3 to 4 times. To make the lard oil in baked food be stable, we can add 2.5% glucose and 0.5% glycine. Adding 0.1% to 0.5% glycine to the wheat flour for making convenient noodles can play a role of flavoring. In pharmacy, it is used as antacids (hyperacidity), therapeutic agent for muscle nutritional disorder as well as antidotes. Moreover, glycine can also be used as the raw material for synthesizing amino acids like threonine. It can be used as a spice according to the provisions of GB 2760-96. Glycine is also known as aminoacetic acid. In the field of pesticide production, it is used for synthesizing the glycine ethyl ester hydrochloride which is the intermediate for the synthesis of pyrethroid insecticides. Moreover, it can also be used for synthesizing fungicides iprodione and solid glyphosate herbicide; in addition it is also used in various kinds of other industries such as fertilizer, medicine, food additives, and spices. Used as a solvent to remove carbon dioxide in the fertilizer industry. In the pharmaceutical industry, it can be used as amino acid preparations, the buffer of chlortetracycline buffer and as the raw material for synthesizing the anti-Parkinson's disease drugs L-dopa. Moreover, it is also the intermediate for producing ethyl imidazole. It is also an adjunct therapy medicine for treating neural hyperacidity and effectively suppressing excess amount of gastric ulcer acid. In the food industry, it is used for the synthesis of alcohol, brewing products, meat processing and cold drinks formula. As a food additive, glycine can be used alone as a condiment and also used in combination with sodium glutamate, DL-alanine acid, and citric acid. In other industries, it can be used as a pH adjusting agent, being added to the plating solution, or used as the raw material for making other amino acids. It can further be used as biochemical reagents and solvent in organic synthesis and biochemistry. Used as the intermediates of pharmaceutical and pesticide, decarbonation solvents of fertilizers, plating fluid, etc. Used as a solvent for removing carbon dioxide in the fertilizer industry. In pharmaceutical industry, it is used as the buffer of chlortetracycline, amino antacids, and used for the preparation of L-dopa. In food industry, it can be used as flavoring agents, agent for removing saccharine bitter taste, for brewing, meat processing, and preparation of soft drinks. In addition, it can also be used as a pH adjusting agent and used in the preparation of the plating solution. Used as biochemical reagents for the pharmaceutical, food and feed additives; it can also be used as a non-toxic decarbonization agent in the field of fertilizer industry. Description Glycine (abbreviated as Gly or G) is an organic compound with the formula NH2CH2COOH. Having a hydrogen substituent as its side-chain, glycine is the smallest of the 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins. Its codons are GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG of the genetic code. Glycine is a colourless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid. It is unique among the proteinogenic amino acids in that it is not chiral. It can fit into hydrophilic or hydrophobic environments, due to its minimal side chain of only one hydrogen atom. Glycine is also the genus name of the Soybean plant (species name = Glycine max). Chemical Properties A white, odorless, crystalline powder having a sweetish taste. Its solution is acid to litmus. One g dissolves in about 4 mL of water. It is very slightly soluble in alcohol and in ether. Glycine may be prepared from chloroacetic acid and ammonia; from protein sources, such as gelatin and silk fibroin; from ammonium bicarbonate and sodium cyanide; by catalytic cleavage of serine; from hydrobromic acid and methyleneaminoacetonitrile. Chemical Properties Glycine is odorless and has a slightly sweet taste. Chemical Properties White or almost white, crystalline powder Chemical Properties Glycine occurs as a white, odorless, crystalline powder, and has a sweet taste. Occurrence Gelatin and silk fbroin are reportedly the best natural sources of this amino acid Uses glycine is an amino acid used as a texturizer in cosmetic formulations. It makes up approximately 30 percent of the collagen molecule. Uses Glycine is a nonessential amino acid that functions as a nutrient and dietary supplement. it has a solubility of 1 g in 4 ml of water and is abundant in collagen. it is used to mask the bitter aftertaste of sac- charin, for example, in artificially sweetened soft drinks. it retards rancidity in fat. Uses Non-essential amino acid for human development. An inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord, allosteric regulator of NMDA receptors. Uses Glycine is a non-essential amino acid for human development. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord, allosteric regulator of NMDA receptors. Uses In the US, glycine is typically sold in two grades: United States Pharmacopeia (“USP”), and technical grade. Most glycine is manufactured as USP grade material for diverse uses. USP grade sales account for approximately 80 to 85 percent of the U.S. market for glycine. Pharmaceutical grade glycine is produced for some pharmaceutical applications, such as intravenous injections, where the customer’s purity requirements often exceed the minimum required under the USP grade designation. Pharmaceutical grade glycine is often produced to proprietary specifications and is typically sold at a premium over USP grade glycine. Technical grade glycine, which may or may not meet USP grade standards, is sold for use in industrial applications; e.g., as an agent in metal complexing and finishing. Technical grade glycine is typically sold at a discount to USP grade glycine. Animal and human foods Other markets for USP grade glycine include its use an additive in pet food and animal feed. For humans, glycine is sold as a sweetener/taste enhancer. Certain food supplements and protein drinks contain glycine. Certain drug formulations include glycine to improve gastric absorption of the drug. Cosmetics and miscellaneous applications Glycine serves as a buffering agent in antacids, analgesics, antiperspirants, cosmetics, and toiletries. Many miscellaneous products use glycine or its derivatives, such as the production of rubber sponge products, fertilizers, metal complexants. Chemical feed stock Glycine is an intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of chemical products. It is used in the manufacture of the herbicide glyphosate. Glyphosate is a non-selective systemic herbicide used to kill weeds, especially perennials and broadcast or used in the cutstump treatment as a forestry herbicide. Production Methods Glycine was discovered in 1820, by Henri Braconnot who boiled gelatin with sulfuric acid. Glycine is manufactured industrially by treating chloroacetic acid with ammonia : ClCH2COOH + 2 NH3→H2NCH2COOH + NH4Cl About 15 million kg are produced annually in this way. In the USA (by GEO Specialty Chemicals, Inc.) and in Japan (by Shoadenko), glycine is produced via the Strecker amino acid synthesis. Production Methods Chemical synthesis is the most suitable method of preparation of glycine. Amination of chloroacetic acid and the hydrolysis of aminoacetonitrile are the favored methods of production. Preparation From chloroacetic acid and ammonia; from protein sources, such as gelatin and silk fbroin; from ammonium bicarbonate and sodium cyanide; by catalytic cleavage of serine; from hydrobromic acid and methyleneaminoacetonitrile. Definition ChEBI: The simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain. Biosynthesis Glycine is not essential to the human diet, as it is biosynthesized in the body from the amino acid serine, which is in turn derived from 3-phospho glycerate. In most organisms, the enzyme Serine hydroxy methyl transferase catalyses this transformation via the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate : serine + tetra hydro folate → glycine +N5,N10-Methylene tetrahydrofolate + H2O In the liver of vertebrates, glycine synthesis is catalyzed by glycine synthase (also called glycine cleavage enzyme). This conversion is readily reversible : CO2 + NH4+ + N5,N10-Methylene tetra hydro folate + NADH + H+→ Glycine + tetrahydrofolate +NAD+ Glycine is coded by codons GGU, GGC, GGA and GGG. Most proteins incorporate only small quantities of glycine. A notable exception is collagen, which contains about 35 % glycine. Biotechnological Production Glycine is manufactured exclusively by chemical synthesis, and two main processes are practiced today. The direct amination of chloroacetic acid with a large excess of ammonia gives good yields of glycine without producing large amounts of di- and trialkylated products. This process is widely used in China, where the main application of the glycine is as a raw material for the herbicide glyphosate. The other main process is the Strecker synthesis. The direct Strecker reaction of formaldehyde and ammonium cyanide produces methylene amino acetonitrile, which must be hydrolyzed in two stages to produce glycine . A more efficient approach is to aminate the intermediate glycolonitrile, followed by hydrolysis]. An alternative method, which is more often applied for the homologous amino acids, is the Bucherer–Bergs reaction. Reaction of formaldehyde and ammonium carbonate or bicarbonate gives the intermediate hydantoin, which can be hydrolyzed to glycine in a separate step. Biological Functions The principal function of glycine is as a precursor to proteins. It is also a building block to numerous natural products. As a biosynthetic intermediate In higher eukaryotes, D-Aminolevulinic acid, the key precursor to porphyrins, is biosynthesized from glycine and succinyl-CoA. Glycine provides the central C2N subunit of all purines. As a neurotransmitter Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina. When glycine receptors are activated, chloride enters the neuron via ionotropic receptors, causing an Inhibitory postsynaptic potentia (IPSP). Strychnine is a strong antagonist at ionotropic glycine receptors, whereas bicuculline is a weak one. Glycine is a required coagonist along with glutamate for NMDA receptors. In contrast to the inhibitory role of glycine in the spinal cord, this behaviour is facilitated at the (NMDA) glutaminergic receptors which are excitatory. The LD50 of glycine is 7930 mg / kg in rats (oral), and it usually causes death by hyperexcitability. . Biological Functions Glycine is another inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter. Whereas GABA is located primarily in the brain, glycine is found predominantly in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Relatively few drugs are known to interact with glycine; the best-known example is the convulsant agent strychnine, which appears to be a relatively specific antagonist of glycine. General Description White crystals. Air & Water Reactions Water soluble. Reactivity Profile An amino acid. A 0.2M aqueous solution has a pH of 4.0., so acts as a weak acid. Has characteristics of both acid and base. Hazard Use in fats restricted to 0.01%. Fire Hazard LOW. Ignites at very high temperatures. Pharmaceutical Applications Glycine is routinely used as a cofreeze-dried excipient in protein formulations owing to its ability to form a strong, porous, and elegant cake structure in the final lyophilized product. It is one of the most frequently utilized excipients in freeze-dried injectable formulations owing to its advantageous freeze-drying properties. Glycine has been investigated as a disintegration accelerant in fast-disintegrating formulations owing to its excellent wetting nature.It is also used as a buffering agent and conditioner in cosmetics. Glycine may be used along with antacids in the treatment of gastric hyperacidity, and it may also be included in aspirin preparations to aid the reduction of gastric irritation. Agricultural Uses Glycine is the simplest naturally occurring amino acid and is a constituent of most proteins. Its formula is H2N·CH2·COOH. Biological Activity One of the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the mammalian CNS, predominantly active in the spinal cord and brain stem. Also acts as a modulator of excitatory amino acid transmission mediated by NMDA receptors. Also available as part of the NMDA Receptor - Glycine Site Tocriset™ . Biochem/physiol Actions Glycine has a pivotal role in lowering the plasma lipid levels in diabetic and obese patients by activating the CNS. During brain hypoxia glycine can stabilize the energetics disturbances in brain mitochondria. It also increases the in vitro development of porcine blastocysts when used along with glucose. Safety Profile Moderately toxic by intravenous route. Mildly toxic by ingestion. Mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx. Safety Glycine is used as a sweetener, buffering agent, and dietary supplement. The pure form of glycine is moderately toxic by the IV route and mildly toxic by ingestion. Systemic absorption of glycine irrigation solutions can lead to disturbances of fluid and electrolyte balance and cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders. LD50 (mouse, IP): 4.45 g/kg LD50 (mouse, IV): 2.37 g/kg LD50 (mouse, oral): 4.92 g/kg LD50 (mouse, SC): 5.06 g/kg LD50 (rat, IV): 2.6 g/kg LD50 (rat, oral): 7.93 g/kg LD50 (rat, SC): 5.2 g/kg storage Glycine starts to decompose at 233°C. Store in well-closed containers. Glycine irrigation solutions (95–105% glycine) should be stored in single dose containers, preferably type I or type II glass. Purification Methods Crystallise glycine from distilled water by dissolving at 90-95o, filtering, cooling to about -5o, and draining the crystals centrifugally. Alternatively, crystallise it from distilled water by addition of MeOH or EtOH (e.g. 50g dissolved in 100mL of warm water, and 400mL of MeOH is added). The crystals are washed with MeOH or EtOH, then with diethyl ether. Likely impurities are ammonium glycinate, iminodiacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid or/and ammonium chloride. [Greenstein & Winitz The Chemistry of the Amino Acids J. Wiley, Vol 3 p 1955 1961, Beilstein 4 IV 2349.] Degradation Glycine is degraded via three pathways. The predominant pathway in animals and plants involves the glycine cleavage enzyme Glycine + tetra hydro folate + NAD+ → CO2 + NH4+ + N5,N10-Methylene tetra hydrofolate + NADH + H+ In the second pathway, glycine is degraded in two steps. The first step is the reverse of glycine biosynthesis from serine with serine hydroxymethyl transferase. Serine is then converted to pyruvate by serine dehydratase. In the third pathway of glycine degradation, glycine is converted to glyoxylate by D-amino acid oxidase. Glyoxylate is then oxidized by hepatic lactate dehydrogenase to oxalate in an NAD+-dependent reaction. The half-life of glycine and its elimination from the body varies significantly based on dose. In one study, the half-life was between 0.5 and 4.0 hours. Presence in space The detection of glycine in the interstellar medium has been debated . In 2008, the glycine - like molecule amino aceto nitrile was discovered in the Large Molecule Heimat, a giant gas cloud near the galactic center in the constellation Sagittarius by the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy . In 2009, glycine sampled in 2004 from comet Wild 2 by the NASA spacecraft Stardust was confirmed, the first discovery of extraterrestrial glycine. That mission's results bolstered the theory of panspermia, which claims that the "seeds" of life are widespread throughout the universe. Incompatibilities Glycine may undergo Maillard reactions with amino acids to produce yellowing or browning. Reducing sugars will also interact with secondary amines to form an imine, but without any accompanying yellow-brown discoloration. Regulatory Status GRAS listed. Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (IM, IV, SC injections; oral; rectal) and approved for irrigant solutions. Included in parenteral (powders for injection; solutions for injection; vaccines; kits for implant) and nonparenteral (orodispersible tablets/oral lyophilizate; powders for inhalation; powders for oral solution; tablets) formulations licensed in the UK.   Glycine Preparation Products And Raw materials Raw materials Ethanol-->Methanol-->Acetic acid-->Ammonium hydroxide-->Ammonia-->Ammonium chloride-->Sodium cyanide-->POTASSIUM CYANIDE-->Ammonium bicarbonate-->Activated carbon-->Chloroacetic acid-->Hexamethylenetetramine-->Activated carbon,decolor-->Barium hydroxide-->HYDROGEN CYANIDE-->Ammonium carbonate-->Gelatin-->AMBERLITE(R) IRC-50-->1,3,5-trioxane-->D-Alanine-->Storage tank-->Boc-D-Tyr-OH-->DL-Serine-->Hydantoin-->hydracide-->AMINOACETONITRILE-->Barium acetate-->terylene-->Biuret-->SILK-->Methylenaminoacetonitrile-->Aminoacetonitrile sulfate Preparation Products (6-ETHYL-THIENO[2,3-D]PYRIMIDIN-4-YLAMINO)-ACETIC ACID-->6-Methoxyindole-->6-Methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde-->DL-Threonine-->Glycine methyl ester hydrochloride-->3-Chlorobenzylamine-->2,2-Dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid p-(methoxymethyl)benzyl ester-->Dimethoxymethane-->Hippuric acid-->DL-Serine-->Tiopronin-->1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDRO-9-ACRIDINAMINE-->Iprodione-->2,2,3,3-TETRAMETHYLCYCLOPROPANECARBOXYLIC ACID-->Ciclopirox-->TOSUFLOXACIN TOSILATE-->Leflunomide-->4-METHYLHIPPURIC ACID-->2-(Acetylamino)-3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid-->5-Methoxy-2-methylaniline-->4-Chloro-2-methylaniline-->H-TYR-GLY-GLY-PHE-MET-OH-->Antistaling agent-->3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzylamine-->Synthetic greasing agent-->4-Methyl-3-nitroanisole-->3-METHYLHIPPURIC ACID-->BETA-(2-THIENYL)-DL-SERINE-->Thiamphenicol-->Glyphosine-->2'-IODOHIPPURIC ACID-->HYDANTOIC ACID-->2,4,6-TRIFLUOROPHENYL ISOTHIOCYANATE-->N-Carbobenzyloxyglycine-->BOC-Glycine-->novel anticancer microsphere with multifunction-->N-(2-CYANOETHYL)GLYCINE-->Zinc glycinate-->1H-TETRAZOLE-1-ACETYL CHLORIDE-->2-hydroxy-3-phenyl-L-alanine

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Leader Biochemical Group is a large leader incorporated industry manufacturers and suppliers of advanced refined raw materials From the year of 1996 when our factory was put into production to year of 2020, our group has successively invested in more than 52 factories with shares and subordinates.We focus on manufacture Pharm & chemicals, functional active ingredients, nutritional Ingredients, health care products, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and refined feed, oil, natural plant ingredients industries to provide top quality of GMP standards products.All the invested factories' product lines cover API and intermediates, vitamins, amino acids, plant extracts, daily chemical products, cosmetics raw materials, nutrition and health care products, food additives, feed additives, essential oil products, fine chemical products and agricultural chemical raw materials And flavors and fragrances. Especially in the field of vitamins, amino acids, pharmaceutical raw materials and cosmetic raw materials, we have more than 20 years of production and sales experience. All products meet the requirements of high international export standards and have been recognized by customers all over the world. Our manufacture basement & R&D center located in National Aerospace Economic & Technical Development Zone Xi`an Shaanxi China. Now not only relying on self-cultivation and development as well as maintains good cooperative relations with many famous research institutes and universities in China. Now, we have closely cooperation with Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing Institute of Material Medical of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Zhejiang University. Closely cooperation with them not only integrating Science and technology resources, but also increasing the R&D speed and improving our R&D power. Offering Powerful Tech supporting Platform for group development. Keep serve the manufacture and the market as the R&D central task, focus on the technical research.  Now there are 3 technology R & D platforms including biological extract, microorganism fermentation and chemical synthesis, and can independently research and develop kinds of difficult APIs and pharmaceutical intermediates. With the strong support of China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry (hereinafter short for CSIPI), earlier known as Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry (SIPI), we have unique advantages in the R & D and industrialization of high-grade, precision and advanced products.  Now our Group technical force is abundant, existing staff more that 1000 people, senior professional and technical staff accounted for more than 50% of the total number of employees, including 15 PhD research and development personnel, 5 master′ S degree in technical and management personnel 9 people. We have advanced equipment like fermentation equipment and technology also extraction, isolation, purification, synthesis with rich production experience and strict quality control system, According to the GMP required, quickly transforming the R&D results to industrial production in time, it is our advantages and our products are exported to North and South America, Europe, Middle East, Africa, and other five continents and scale the forefront in the nation, won good international reputation.  We believe only good quality can bring good cooperation, quality is our key spirit during our production, we are warmly welcome clients and partner from all over the world contact us for everlasting cooperation, Leader will be your strong, sincere and reliable partner in China.

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Glycine Basic information Amino acids with the simplest structure History of discovery Content Analysis Biosynthesis of glycine production Uses Product Name: Glycine Synonyms: BLOTTING BUFFER;USP24 GLYCINE USP24;GLYCINE TECHNICAL;GLYCINE USP;Glycine (Feed Grade);Glycine (Food Grade);Glycine (Pharm Grade);Glycine (Tech Grade) CAS: 56-40-6 MF: C2H5NO2 MW: 75.07 EINECS: 200-272-2 Product Categories: API's;Aminoacid;alpha-Amino Acids;Reagents for Electrophoresis;Amino Acids;amino;Glycine [Gly, G];Amino Acids and Derivatives;Amino Acids;Biochemistry;omega-Aminocarboxylic Acids;omega-Functional Alkanols, Carboxylic Acids, Amines & Halides;Glycine;Benzothiazoles,Thiazoles;GABA/Glycine receptor;Amino Acids & Derivatives Mol File: 56-40-6.mol   Glycine Chemical Properties Melting point  240 °C (dec.) (lit.) Boiling point  233°C density  1.595 vapor pressure  0.0000171 Pa (25 °C) FEMA  3287 | GLYCINE refractive index  1.4264 (estimate) Fp  176.67°C storage temp.  2-8°C solubility  H2O: 100 mg/mL form  powder pka 2.35(at 25℃) color  <5 (200 mg/mL)(APHA) Odor Odorless PH 4(0.2 molar aqueous solution) PH Range 4 Water Solubility  25 g/100 mL (25 ºC) λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.05 λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.05 JECFA Number 1421 Merck  14,4491 BRN  635782 Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. InChIKey DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N CAS DataBase Reference 56-40-6(CAS DataBase Reference) NIST Chemistry Reference Glycine(56-40-6) EPA Substance Registry System Glycine (56-40-6)   Safety Information Risk Statements  33 Safety Statements  22-24/25 WGK Germany  2 RTECS  MB7600000 TSCA  Yes HS Code  29224910 Hazardous Substances Data 56-40-6(Hazardous Substances Data) Toxicity LD50 orally in Rabbit: 7930 mg/kg MSDS Information Provider Language Monazol English   Glycine Usage And Synthesis Amino acids with the simplest structure Glycine is of the simplest structure in the 20 members of amino acid series, also known as amino acetate. It is a non-essential amino acid for the human body and contains both acidic and basic functional group inside its molecule. It exhibits as a strong electrolyte an aqueous solution, and has a large solubility in strong polar solvents but almost insoluble in non-polar solvents. Moreover, it also has a relative high melting point and boiling point. The adjustment of the pH of the aqueous solution can make glycine exhibit different molecular forms. The side chain of glycine contains only a hydrogen atom. Owing to another hydrogen atom connecting to the α-carbon atom, the glycine is not optical isomer. Since the side bond of glycine is very small, it can occupy space which can’t be occupied by other amino acids, such as those amino acids located within the collagen helix. At room temperature, it exhibits as white crystal or light yellow crystalline powder and has a unique sweet taste which can ease the taste of acid and alkaline taste, masking the bitter taste of saccharin in food and enhance the sweetness. However, if an excessive amount of glycine is absorbed by body, they not only can’t be totally absorbed by the body, but will also break the balance of the body's absorption of amino acids as well as affect the absorption of other kinds of amino acids, leading to nutrient imbalances and negatively affected health. The milk drink with glycine being the major raw material can easily does harm to the normal growth and development of young people and children. It has a density of 1.1607, melting point of 232~236 °C (decomposition). It is soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol and ether. It is capable of acting together with hydrochloric acid to form hydrochloride salt. It is presented in the muscles of animals. IT can be produced from the reaction between monochloro acetate and ammonium hydroxide as well as from the hydrolysis of gelation with further refining. History of discovery Amino acids are organic acids containing an amino group and are the basic units of protein. They are generally colorless crystals with a relative high melting point (over 200 °C). It is soluble in water with amphiprotic ionization characteristics and can have sensitive colorimetric reaction with ninhydrin reagent. In 1820, glycine with the simplest structure was first discovered in a protein hydrolysis product. Until 1940, it has been found that there were about 20 kinds of amino acids in nature. They are necessary for the protein synthesis of both human and animal. They are mostly α-L-type amino acids. According to the different number of amino groups and carboxyl groups contained in amino acids, we classify amino acids into neutral amino acids (glycine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, cystine, cysteine, A methionine, threonine, serine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, proline and hydroxyproline, etc.) with the amino acid molecules containing only one amino group and a carboxyl group; acidic amino acid (glutamate, aspartate) which contains two carboxyl and one amino group; alkaline amino acids (lysine, arginine) which molecularly contains one carboxyl group and two amino groups; Histidine contains a nitrogen ring which exhibits weakly alkaline and thus also belonging to alkaline amino acids. Amino acids can be obtained both from protein hydrolysis and from chemical synthesis. Since the 1960s, industrial production mainly applied microbial fermentation, such as monosodium glutamate factory has been widely applied fermentation method for production of glutamate. In recent years, people has also applied petroleum hydrocarbons and other chemical products as raw materials of fermentation for production of amino acids. The above information is edited by the Chemicalbook of Dai Xiongfeng. Content Analysis Accurately weigh 175 mg of sample which has undergone drying for 2 h at 105 °C and place it in a 250m1 flask, add 50 mL of glacial acetic acid for dissolving; add 2 drops of crystal violet test solution (TS-74); titrate with 0.1ml/L perchloric acid to blue-green endpoint. At the same time carry out a blank test, and make the necessary corrections. Each mL of 0.1mol/L perchloric acid is equivalent to glycine (C2H5NO2) 7.507mg. Biosynthesis of glycine production In the late 1980s, Japan's Mitsubishi Corporation added the screened aerobic Agrobacterium, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium genus to the medium containing carbon, nitrogen and inorganic nutrient solution for cultivation, and then applied this class of bacteria for converting ethanolamine to glycine in 25~45 °C and pH value from 4 to 9 and further applied concentration, neutralization ion exchange treatment to get the glycine product. After entering the 1990s, there had been new progress on the production technology of glycine in foreign countries. The Nitto Chemical Industry Co (Japan) add cultured pseudomonas genus, casein bacteria genus, and alcaligenes genus and other species in 0.5% (mass fraction, dry weight) to the glycine amine-containing matrix for reaction of 45 h under 30 °C and pH value of 7.9 to 8.1 with almost all glycine amine being hydrolyzed into glycine with the conversion rate of 99%. Although biological methods are still in the research stage, however, owing to its high selectivity, non-pollution property, it will be a synthetic route with highly development potential. Uses Used for the pharmaceutical industry, organic synthesis and biochemical analysis. Used as a buffer for the preparation of tissue culture media and the testing of copper, gold and silver. In medicine, it is used for the treatment of myasthenia gravis and progressive muscular atrophy, hyperacidity, chronic enteritis, and children hyperprolinemia diseases. Used for the treatment of myasthenia gravis and progressive muscular atrophy; treatment of excess stomach acid ester disease, chronic enteritis (often in combination antacid); using in combination with aspirin can reduce the irritation of the stomach; treatment of children hyperprolinemia; as the nitrogen source for generating non-essential amino acid and can be added to a mixed amino acid injection. Glycine is primarily used as a nutritional additive in chicken feed. Used as a kind of nutritional supplement which is mainly used for flavoring. Flavoring agent: Used for alcoholic beverage in combination with alanine; the addition amount: grape wine: 0.4%, whiskey: 0.2%, champagne: 1.0%. Others such as powder soup: 2%; lees marinated foods: 1%. Because it is tasted like shrimp and cuttlefish, and thus can be used in sauces. It has some certain inhibitory effects on the Bacillus subtilis and E. coli and thus can be used as the preservatives of surimi products and peanut butter with the added amount being 1% to 2%. Buffering effect: Because glycine is amphiprotic ions containing both amino and carboxyl groups, it has a strong buffering property on the taste feeling of salt and vinegar. The added amount is: salted products: 0.3% to 0.7%, acid stain product: 0.05% to 0.5%. Antioxidant effect (with its metal chelation): being added to butter, cheese, and margarine extend the storage duration by 3 to 4 times. To make the lard oil in baked food be stable, we can add 2.5% glucose and 0.5% glycine. Adding 0.1% to 0.5% glycine to the wheat flour for making convenient noodles can play a role of flavoring. In pharmacy, it is used as antacids (hyperacidity), therapeutic agent for muscle nutritional disorder as well as antidotes. Moreover, glycine can also be used as the raw material for synthesizing amino acids like threonine. It can be used as a spice according to the provisions of GB 2760-96. Glycine is also known as aminoacetic acid. In the field of pesticide production, it is used for synthesizing the glycine ethyl ester hydrochloride which is the intermediate for the synthesis of pyrethroid insecticides. Moreover, it can also be used for synthesizing fungicides iprodione and solid glyphosate herbicide; in addition it is also used in various kinds of other industries such as fertilizer, medicine, food additives, and spices. Used as a solvent to remove carbon dioxide in the fertilizer industry. In the pharmaceutical industry, it can be used as amino acid preparations, the buffer of chlortetracycline buffer and as the raw material for synthesizing the anti-Parkinson's disease drugs L-dopa. Moreover, it is also the intermediate for producing ethyl imidazole. It is also an adjunct therapy medicine for treating neural hyperacidity and effectively suppressing excess amount of gastric ulcer acid. In the food industry, it is used for the synthesis of alcohol, brewing products, meat processing and cold drinks formula. As a food additive, glycine can be used alone as a condiment and also used in combination with sodium glutamate, DL-alanine acid, and citric acid. In other industries, it can be used as a pH adjusting agent, being added to the plating solution, or used as the raw material for making other amino acids. It can further be used as biochemical reagents and solvent in organic synthesis and biochemistry. Used as the intermediates of pharmaceutical and pesticide, decarbonation solvents of fertilizers, plating fluid, etc. Used as a solvent for removing carbon dioxide in the fertilizer industry. In pharmaceutical industry, it is used as the buffer of chlortetracycline, amino antacids, and used for the preparation of L-dopa. In food industry, it can be used as flavoring agents, agent for removing saccharine bitter taste, for brewing, meat processing, and preparation of soft drinks. In addition, it can also be used as a pH adjusting agent and used in the preparation of the plating solution. Used as biochemical reagents for the pharmaceutical, food and feed additives; it can also be used as a non-toxic decarbonization agent in the field of fertilizer industry. Description Glycine (abbreviated as Gly or G) is an organic compound with the formula NH2CH2COOH. Having a hydrogen substituent as its side-chain, glycine is the smallest of the 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins. Its codons are GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG of the genetic code. Glycine is a colourless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid. It is unique among the proteinogenic amino acids in that it is not chiral. It can fit into hydrophilic or hydrophobic environments, due to its minimal side chain of only one hydrogen atom. Glycine is also the genus name of the Soybean plant (species name = Glycine max). Chemical Properties A white, odorless, crystalline powder having a sweetish taste. Its solution is acid to litmus. One g dissolves in about 4 mL of water. It is very slightly soluble in alcohol and in ether. Glycine may be prepared from chloroacetic acid and ammonia; from protein sources, such as gelatin and silk fibroin; from ammonium bicarbonate and sodium cyanide; by catalytic cleavage of serine; from hydrobromic acid and methyleneaminoacetonitrile. Chemical Properties Glycine is odorless and has a slightly sweet taste. Chemical Properties White or almost white, crystalline powder Chemical Properties Glycine occurs as a white, odorless, crystalline powder, and has a sweet taste. Occurrence Gelatin and silk fbroin are reportedly the best natural sources of this amino acid Uses glycine is an amino acid used as a texturizer in cosmetic formulations. It makes up approximately 30 percent of the collagen molecule. Uses Glycine is a nonessential amino acid that functions as a nutrient and dietary supplement. it has a solubility of 1 g in 4 ml of water and is abundant in collagen. it is used to mask the bitter aftertaste of sac- charin, for example, in artificially sweetened soft drinks. it retards rancidity in fat. Uses Non-essential amino acid for human development. An inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord, allosteric regulator of NMDA receptors. Uses Glycine is a non-essential amino acid for human development. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord, allosteric regulator of NMDA receptors. Uses In the US, glycine is typically sold in two grades: United States Pharmacopeia (“USP”), and technical grade. Most glycine is manufactured as USP grade material for diverse uses. USP grade sales account for approximately 80 to 85 percent of the U.S. market for glycine. Pharmaceutical grade glycine is produced for some pharmaceutical applications, such as intravenous injections, where the customer’s purity requirements often exceed the minimum required under the USP grade designation. Pharmaceutical grade glycine is often produced to proprietary specifications and is typically sold at a premium over USP grade glycine. Technical grade glycine, which may or may not meet USP grade standards, is sold for use in industrial applications; e.g., as an agent in metal complexing and finishing. Technical grade glycine is typically sold at a discount to USP grade glycine. Animal and human foods Other markets for USP grade glycine include its use an additive in pet food and animal feed. For humans, glycine is sold as a sweetener/taste enhancer. Certain food supplements and protein drinks contain glycine. Certain drug formulations include glycine to improve gastric absorption of the drug. Cosmetics and miscellaneous applications Glycine serves as a buffering agent in antacids, analgesics, antiperspirants, cosmetics, and toiletries. Many miscellaneous products use glycine or its derivatives, such as the production of rubber sponge products, fertilizers, metal complexants. Chemical feed stock Glycine is an intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of chemical products. It is used in the manufacture of the herbicide glyphosate. Glyphosate is a non-selective systemic herbicide used to kill weeds, especially perennials and broadcast or used in the cutstump treatment as a forestry herbicide. Production Methods Glycine was discovered in 1820, by Henri Braconnot who boiled gelatin with sulfuric acid. Glycine is manufactured industrially by treating chloroacetic acid with ammonia : ClCH2COOH + 2 NH3→H2NCH2COOH + NH4Cl About 15 million kg are produced annually in this way. In the USA (by GEO Specialty Chemicals, Inc.) and in Japan (by Shoadenko), glycine is produced via the Strecker amino acid synthesis. Production Methods Chemical synthesis is the most suitable method of preparation of glycine. Amination of chloroacetic acid and the hydrolysis of aminoacetonitrile are the favored methods of production. Preparation From chloroacetic acid and ammonia; from protein sources, such as gelatin and silk fbroin; from ammonium bicarbonate and sodium cyanide; by catalytic cleavage of serine; from hydrobromic acid and methyleneaminoacetonitrile. Definition ChEBI: The simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain. Biosynthesis Glycine is not essential to the human diet, as it is biosynthesized in the body from the amino acid serine, which is in turn derived from 3-phospho glycerate. In most organisms, the enzyme Serine hydroxy methyl transferase catalyses this transformation via the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate : serine + tetra hydro folate → glycine +N5,N10-Methylene tetrahydrofolate + H2O In the liver of vertebrates, glycine synthesis is catalyzed by glycine synthase (also called glycine cleavage enzyme). This conversion is readily reversible : CO2 + NH4+ + N5,N10-Methylene tetra hydro folate + NADH + H+→ Glycine + tetrahydrofolate +NAD+ Glycine is coded by codons GGU, GGC, GGA and GGG. Most proteins incorporate only small quantities of glycine. A notable exception is collagen, which contains about 35 % glycine. Biotechnological Production Glycine is manufactured exclusively by chemical synthesis, and two main processes are practiced today. The direct amination of chloroacetic acid with a large excess of ammonia gives good yields of glycine without producing large amounts of di- and trialkylated products. This process is widely used in China, where the main application of the glycine is as a raw material for the herbicide glyphosate. The other main process is the Strecker synthesis. The direct Strecker reaction of formaldehyde and ammonium cyanide produces methylene amino acetonitrile, which must be hydrolyzed in two stages to produce glycine . A more efficient approach is to aminate the intermediate glycolonitrile, followed by hydrolysis]. An alternative method, which is more often applied for the homologous amino acids, is the Bucherer–Bergs reaction. Reaction of formaldehyde and ammonium carbonate or bicarbonate gives the intermediate hydantoin, which can be hydrolyzed to glycine in a separate step. Biological Functions The principal function of glycine is as a precursor to proteins. It is also a building block to numerous natural products. As a biosynthetic intermediate In higher eukaryotes, D-Aminolevulinic acid, the key precursor to porphyrins, is biosynthesized from glycine and succinyl-CoA. Glycine provides the central C2N subunit of all purines. As a neurotransmitter Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina. When glycine receptors are activated, chloride enters the neuron via ionotropic receptors, causing an Inhibitory postsynaptic potentia (IPSP). Strychnine is a strong antagonist at ionotropic glycine receptors, whereas bicuculline is a weak one. Glycine is a required coagonist along with glutamate for NMDA receptors. In contrast to the inhibitory role of glycine in the spinal cord, this behaviour is facilitated at the (NMDA) glutaminergic receptors which are excitatory. The LD50 of glycine is 7930 mg / kg in rats (oral), and it usually causes death by hyperexcitability. . Biological Functions Glycine is another inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter. Whereas GABA is located primarily in the brain, glycine is found predominantly in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Relatively few drugs are known to interact with glycine; the best-known example is the convulsant agent strychnine, which appears to be a relatively specific antagonist of glycine. General Description White crystals. Air & Water Reactions Water soluble. Reactivity Profile An amino acid. A 0.2M aqueous solution has a pH of 4.0., so acts as a weak acid. Has characteristics of both acid and base. Hazard Use in fats restricted to 0.01%. Fire Hazard LOW. Ignites at very high temperatures. Pharmaceutical Applications Glycine is routinely used as a cofreeze-dried excipient in protein formulations owing to its ability to form a strong, porous, and elegant cake structure in the final lyophilized product. It is one of the most frequently utilized excipients in freeze-dried injectable formulations owing to its advantageous freeze-drying properties. Glycine has been investigated as a disintegration accelerant in fast-disintegrating formulations owing to its excellent wetting nature.It is also used as a buffering agent and conditioner in cosmetics. Glycine may be used along with antacids in the treatment of gastric hyperacidity, and it may also be included in aspirin preparations to aid the reduction of gastric irritation. Agricultural Uses Glycine is the simplest naturally occurring amino acid and is a constituent of most proteins. Its formula is H2N·CH2·COOH. Biological Activity One of the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the mammalian CNS, predominantly active in the spinal cord and brain stem. Also acts as a modulator of excitatory amino acid transmission mediated by NMDA receptors. Also available as part of the NMDA Receptor - Glycine Site Tocriset™ . Biochem/physiol Actions Glycine has a pivotal role in lowering the plasma lipid levels in diabetic and obese patients by activating the CNS. During brain hypoxia glycine can stabilize the energetics disturbances in brain mitochondria. It also increases the in vitro development of porcine blastocysts when used along with glucose. Safety Profile Moderately toxic by intravenous route. Mildly toxic by ingestion. Mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx. Safety Glycine is used as a sweetener, buffering agent, and dietary supplement. The pure form of glycine is moderately toxic by the IV route and mildly toxic by ingestion. Systemic absorption of glycine irrigation solutions can lead to disturbances of fluid and electrolyte balance and cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders. LD50 (mouse, IP): 4.45 g/kg LD50 (mouse, IV): 2.37 g/kg LD50 (mouse, oral): 4.92 g/kg LD50 (mouse, SC): 5.06 g/kg LD50 (rat, IV): 2.6 g/kg LD50 (rat, oral): 7.93 g/kg LD50 (rat, SC): 5.2 g/kg storage Glycine starts to decompose at 233°C. Store in well-closed containers. Glycine irrigation solutions (95–105% glycine) should be stored in single dose containers, preferably type I or type II glass. Purification Methods Crystallise glycine from distilled water by dissolving at 90-95o, filtering, cooling to about -5o, and draining the crystals centrifugally. Alternatively, crystallise it from distilled water by addition of MeOH or EtOH (e.g. 50g dissolved in 100mL of warm water, and 400mL of MeOH is added). The crystals are washed with MeOH or EtOH, then with diethyl ether. Likely impurities are ammonium glycinate, iminodiacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid or/and ammonium chloride. [Greenstein & Winitz The Chemistry of the Amino Acids J. Wiley, Vol 3 p 1955 1961, Beilstein 4 IV 2349.] Degradation Glycine is degraded via three pathways. The predominant pathway in animals and plants involves the glycine cleavage enzyme Glycine + tetra hydro folate + NAD+ → CO2 + NH4+ + N5,N10-Methylene tetra hydrofolate + NADH + H+ In the second pathway, glycine is degraded in two steps. The first step is the reverse of glycine biosynthesis from serine with serine hydroxymethyl transferase. Serine is then converted to pyruvate by serine dehydratase. In the third pathway of glycine degradation, glycine is converted to glyoxylate by D-amino acid oxidase. Glyoxylate is then oxidized by hepatic lactate dehydrogenase to oxalate in an NAD+-dependent reaction. The half-life of glycine and its elimination from the body varies significantly based on dose. In one study, the half-life was between 0.5 and 4.0 hours. Presence in space The detection of glycine in the interstellar medium has been debated . In 2008, the glycine - like molecule amino aceto nitrile was discovered in the Large Molecule Heimat, a giant gas cloud near the galactic center in the constellation Sagittarius by the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy . In 2009, glycine sampled in 2004 from comet Wild 2 by the NASA spacecraft Stardust was confirmed, the first discovery of extraterrestrial glycine. That mission's results bolstered the theory of panspermia, which claims that the "seeds" of life are widespread throughout the universe. Incompatibilities Glycine may undergo Maillard reactions with amino acids to produce yellowing or browning. Reducing sugars will also interact with secondary amines to form an imine, but without any accompanying yellow-brown discoloration. Regulatory Status GRAS listed. Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (IM, IV, SC injections; oral; rectal) and approved for irrigant solutions. Included in parenteral (powders for injection; solutions for injection; vaccines; kits for implant) and nonparenteral (orodispersible tablets/oral lyophilizate; powders for inhalation; powders for oral solution; tablets) formulations licensed in the UK.   Glycine Preparation Products And Raw materials Raw materials Ethanol-->Methanol-->Acetic acid-->Ammonium hydroxide-->Ammonia-->Ammonium chloride-->Sodium cyanide-->POTASSIUM CYANIDE-->Ammonium bicarbonate-->Activated carbon-->Chloroacetic acid-->Hexamethylenetetramine-->Activated carbon,decolor-->Barium hydroxide-->HYDROGEN CYANIDE-->Ammonium carbonate-->Gelatin-->AMBERLITE(R) IRC-50-->1,3,5-trioxane-->D-Alanine-->Storage tank-->Boc-D-Tyr-OH-->DL-Serine-->Hydantoin-->hydracide-->AMINOACETONITRILE-->Barium acetate-->terylene-->Biuret-->SILK-->Methylenaminoacetonitrile-->Aminoacetonitrile sulfate Preparation Products (6-ETHYL-THIENO[2,3-D]PYRIMIDIN-4-YLAMINO)-ACETIC ACID-->6-Methoxyindole-->6-Methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde-->DL-Threonine-->Glycine methyl ester hydrochloride-->3-Chlorobenzylamine-->2,2-Dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid p-(methoxymethyl)benzyl ester-->Dimethoxymethane-->Hippuric acid-->DL-Serine-->Tiopronin-->1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDRO-9-ACRIDINAMINE-->Iprodione-->2,2,3,3-TETRAMETHYLCYCLOPROPANECARBOXYLIC ACID-->Ciclopirox-->TOSUFLOXACIN TOSILATE-->Leflunomide-->4-METHYLHIPPURIC ACID-->2-(Acetylamino)-3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid-->5-Methoxy-2-methylaniline-->4-Chloro-2-methylaniline-->H-TYR-GLY-GLY-PHE-MET-OH-->Antistaling agent-->3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzylamine-->Synthetic greasing agent-->4-Methyl-3-nitroanisole-->3-METHYLHIPPURIC ACID-->BETA-(2-THIENYL)-DL-SERINE-->Thiamphenicol-->Glyphosine-->2'-IODOHIPPURIC ACID-->HYDANTOIC ACID-->2,4,6-TRIFLUOROPHENYL ISOTHIOCYANATE-->N-Carbobenzyloxyglycine-->BOC-Glycine-->novel anticancer microsphere with multifunction-->N-(2-CYANOETHYL)GLYCINE-->Zinc glycinate-->1H-TETRAZOLE-1-ACETYL CHLORIDE-->2-hydroxy-3-phenyl-L-alanine