China Largest Factory Manufacturer sales Titanium Dioxide CAS 13463-67-7 CAS NO.13463-67-7

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Titanium dioxide Basic information Uses Product Name: Titanium dioxide Synonyms: UNITANE;PIGMENT WHITE 6;TIO2;TITANIC ANHYDRIDE;TITAN DIOXIDE;TITANIA;TITANIUM(+4)OXIDE;TITANIUM DIOXIDE, ANATASE CAS: 13463-67-7 MF: O2Ti MW: 79.8658 EINECS: 236-675-5 Product Categories: Pharmaceutical intermediates;Inorganic Chemicals;Inorganics;Indoles;PETRO CHEM;colorant;metal oxide Mol File: 13463-67-7.mol   Titanium dioxide Chemical Properties Melting point  1840 °C Boiling point  2900 °C density  4.26 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) refractive index  2.61 Fp  2500-3000°C storage temp.  Store at +5°C to +30°C. solubility  Practically insoluble in water. It does not dissolve in dilute mineral acids but dissolves slowly in hot concentrated sulfuric acid. form  powder Specific Gravity 4.26 color  White to slightly yellow PH 7-8 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry) Water Solubility  insoluble Crystal Structure Orthorhombic, Pcab Merck  14,9472 CAS DataBase Reference 13463-67-7(CAS DataBase Reference) IARC 2B (Vol. 47, 93) 2010 NIST Chemistry Reference Titanium dioxide(13463-67-7) EPA Substance Registry System Titanium dioxide (13463-67-7)   Safety Information Hazard Codes    Risk Statements  10-20-22 Safety Statements  26-36-25-2-36/37-45-36/37/39 WGK Germany  - HS Code  28230000 Hazardous Substances Data 13463-67-7(Hazardous Substances Data) Toxicity LD50 orally in Rabbit: > 10000 mg/kg IDLA 5,000 mg/m3 MSDS Information Provider Language Titania English SigmaAldrich English ACROS English ALFA English   Titanium dioxide Usage And Synthesis Uses Titanium (IV) dioxide (TiO2), also known as rutile, is one of the best-known compounds used as a paint pigment. It is ideal for paints exposed to severe temperatures and marine climates because of its inertness and self-cleaning attributes. It is also used in manufacture of glassware, ceramics, enamels, welding rods, and floor coverings. Description Titanium dioxide, TiO2, is a white powder and has the greatest hiding power of all white pigments. It is noncombustible; however, it is a powder and, when suspended in air, may cause a dust explosion if an ignition source is present. It is not listed in the DOT Hazardous Materials Table, and the DOT does not consider it hazardous in transportation. The primary uses are as a white pigment in paints, paper, rubber, and plastics; in cosmetics; in welding rods; and in radioactive decontamination of the skin. Chemical Properties The naturally occurring dioxide exists in three crystal forms: anatase, rutile and brookite. While rutile, the most common form, has an octahedral structure. Anatase and brookite have very distorted octahedra of oxygen atoms surrounding each titanium atom. In such distorted octahedral structures, two oxygen atoms are relatively closer to titanium than the other four oxygen atoms. Anatase is more stable than the rutile form by about 8 to 12 kJ/mol (Cotton, F.A., Wilkinson, G., Murillo, C.A and M Bochmann. 1999. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th ed, p. 697, New York: John Wiley & Sons) Other physical properties are: density 4.23g/cm3; Mohs hardness 5.8 g/cm3 ( anatase and brookite) and 6.2 g/cm3 ( rutile); index of refraction 2.488 (anatase), 2.583 (brookite) and 2.609 (rutile); melts at 1,843°C; insoluble in water and dilute acids; soluble in concentrated acids. Chemical Properties Ttitanium dioxide is an odorless white powder. Chemical Properties White, amorphous, odorless, and tasteless nonhygroscopic powder. Although the average particle size of titanium dioxide powder is less than 1 mm, commercial titanium dioxide generally occurs as aggregated particles of approximately 100 mm diameter. Titanium dioxide may occur in several different crystalline forms: rutile; anatase; and brookite. Of these, rutile and anatase are the only forms of commercial importance. Rutile is the more thermodynamically stable crystalline form, but anatase is the form most commonly used in pharmaceutical applications. Physical properties The naturally occurring dioxide exists in three crystal forms: anatase, rutile and brookite. While rutile, the most common form, has an octahedral structure. Anatase and brookite have very distorted octahedra of oxygen atoms surrounding each titanium atom. In such distorted octahedral structures, two oxygen atoms are relatively closer to titanium than the other four oxygen atoms. Anatase is more stable than the rutile form by about 8 to 12 kJ/mol (Cotton, F.A., Wilkinson, G., Murillo, C.A and M Bochmann. 1999. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th ed, p. 697, New York: John Wiley & Sons) Other physical properties are: density 4.23g/cm3; Mohs hardness 5.8 g/cm3 ( anatase and brookite) and 6.2 g/cm3 ( rutile); index of refraction 2.488 (anatase), 2.583 (brookite) and 2.609 (rutile); melts at 1,843°C; insoluble in water and dilute acids; soluble in concentrated acids. Uses Titanium dioxide is an extreme white and bright compound with high index of refraction. In paints it is a white pigment and an opacifying agent.It is in house paints, water paints, lacquers, enamels, paper filling and coating, rubber, plastics, printing ink, synthetic fabrics, floor coverings, and shoe whiteners. Also, it is used in colorants for ceramics and coatings for welding rods. A rutile form of the dioxide is used in synthetic gem stones. Uses Airfloated ilmenite is used for titanium pigment manufacture. Rutile sand is suitable for welding-rod-coating materials, as ceramic colorant, as source of titanium metal. As color in the food industry. Anatase titanium dioxide is used for welding-rod-coatings, acid resistant vitreous enamels, in specification paints, exterior white house paints, acetate rayon, white interior air-dry and baked enamels and lacquers, inks and plastics, for paper filling and coating, in water paints, tanners' leather finishes, shoe whiteners, and ceramics. High opacity and tinting values are claimed for rutile-like pigments. Uses titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the 21 FDA-approved sunscreen chemicals with an approved usage level of 2 to 25 percent. When applied, titanium dioxide remains on the skin’s surface, scattering uV light. It is often used in conjunction with other sunscreen chemicals to boost the product’s SPF value, thus reducing the risk of irritation or allergies attributed to excessive usage of chemical sunscreens. Its incorporation into sunscreen formulations, makeup bases, and daytime moisturizers depends on the particular size of titanium dioxide employed. The smaller the particle size, the more unobtrusive Tio2’s application. Large particles, on the other hand, leave a whitish wash or look on the skin. Some companies list “micro” or “ultra” when referring to the size of the titanium dioxide particle. According to some sources, titanium dioxide could be the ideal uVA/uVB protection component given its chemical, cosmetic, and physical characteristics. Titanium dioxide is also used to provide a white color to cosmetic preparations. Uses Titanium Dioxide is a white pigment that disperses in liquids and possesses great opacifying power. the crystalline modifications of titanium dioxide are rutile and anatase, of which only anatase finds use as a color additive. Preparation Titanium dioxide is mined from natural deposits. It also is produced from other titanium minerals or prepared in the laboratory. Pigment-grade dioxide is produced from the minerals, rutile and ilmenite. Rutile is converted to pigment grade rutile by chlorination to give titanium tetrachloride, TiCl4. Anhydrous tetrachloride is converted back to purified rutile form by vapor phase oxidation. Anatase form is obtained by hydrolytic precipitation of titanium(IV) sulfate on heating. The mineral ilmenite is treated with concentrated sulfuric acid. Heating the sulfate solution precipitates hydrous titanium oxide. The precipitate is calcined to expel all water. Titanium dioxide also can be prepared by heating Ti metal in air or oxygen at elevated temperatures. Application Industry Application Role/benefit Pigment Optical coating for dielectric mirrors and gemstones Brightness and very high refractive index Paper coating Helps to make paper whiter, brighter and more opaque Plastics, adhesives and rubber Helps minimize the brittleness, fading and cracking that can occur as a result of light exposure Food Contact materials and ingredients Prevents premature degradation and enhance the longevity of the product Paints Gives paint its high gloss and rich depth of color Ceramic glazes Acts as an opacifier and seeds crystal formation Cosmetic Sunscreens Active ingredients/high refractive index and strong UV light absorbing capabilities Daily cosmetics or make-up materials Additive/aids in hiding blemishes and brightening the skin Toothpastes Additive/helps to whiten tooth Catalyst Dye-sensitized solar cell Can produce electricity in nanoparticle form Hydrolysis reaction Catalyzes the photo decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen Automotive, power stations, etc. Helps to removes harmful exhaust gas emissions, such as nitrous oxides, volatile organic compounds, etc. Detoxification or remediation of wastewater Photocatalytically mineralizes pollutants (to convert into CO2 and H2O) in waste water Photocatalytic antimicrobial coating Photocatalytic destruction of organic matter Others Oxygen sensor The electrical resistivity of TiO2 can be correlated to the oxygen content of the atmosphere Anti-fogging coatings and self-cleaning windows Under exposure to UV light, TiO2 becomes increasingly hydrophilic Coated ceramic tile Disinfectant and self-cleaning qualities Treatment of the air in fruit, vegetable and cut flower storage areas Removes ethylene gas to prevent spoilage and prevents internal combustion Memristor Can be employed for solar energy conversion Mixed conductor Significant ionic and electronic conduction Production Methods Titanium dioxide occurs naturally as the minerals rutile (tetragonal structure), anatase (tetragonal structure), and brookite (orthorhombic structure). Titanium dioxide may be prepared commercially by either the sulfate or chloride process. In the sulfate process a titanium containing ore, such as ilemenite, is digested in sulfuric acid. This step is followed by dissolving the sulfates in water, then precipitating the hydrous titanium dioxide using hydrolysis. Finally, the product is calcinated at high temperature. In the chloride process, the dry ore is chlorinated at high temperature to form titanium tetrachloride, which is subsequently oxidized to form titanium dioxide. Production Methods There are two major processes for the manufacture of titanium dioxide pigments, namely sulfate route and chloride route. In the sulfate process, the ore limonite, FeOTiO2, is dissolved in sulfuric acid and the resultant solution is hydrolyzed by boiling to produce a hydrated oxide, while the iron remains in solution. The precipitated titanium hydrate is washed and leached free of soluble impurities. Controlled calcinations at about 1000°C produce pigmentary titanium dioxide of the correct crystal size distribution; this material is then subjected to a finishing coating treatment and milling. The chloride process uses gaseous chlorination of mineral rutile, followed by distillation and finally a vapor phase oxidation of the titanium tetrachloride. Composition This material is visually a brilliant white pigment which also has anti-inflammatory properties. Two crystal types of TiO2 occur: anatase and rutile. In order to produce these crystals, there are two manufacturing processes that are employed: (1) The sulfate manufacturing process has the ability to produce either type of crystal, while (2) the chloride manufacturing process produces only rutile crystals. General Description Two main physico-chemically distinct polymorphs of TiO2 are anatase and rutile. Anatase has a higher photocatalytic activity than rutile but is thermodynamically less stable. Hazard Lower respiratory tract irritant. Possible carcinogen. Health Hazard Titanium dioxide is a mild pulmonary irritant and is generally regarded as a nuisance dust. Pharmaceutical Applications Titanium dioxide is widely used in confectionery, cosmetics, and foods, in the plastics industry, and in topical and oral pharmaceutical formulations as a white pigment. Owing to its high refractive index, titanium dioxide has lightscattering properties that may be exploited in its use as a white pigment and opacifier. The range of light that is scattered can be altered by varying the particle size of the titanium dioxide powder. For example, titanium dioxide with an average particle size of 230nm scatters visible light, while titanium dioxide with an average particle size of 60nm scatters ultraviolet light and reflects visible light. In pharmaceutical formulations, titanium dioxide is used as a white pigment in film-coating suspensions, sugar-coated tablets, and gelatin capsules. Titanium dioxide may also be admixed with other pigments. Titanium dioxide is also used in dermatological preparations and cosmetics, such as sunscreens. Safety Profile A nuisance dust. A human skin irritant. Questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic, neoplastigenic, and tumorigenic data. Violent or incandescent reaction with metals at high temperatures (e.g., aluminum, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, lithium). See also TITANIUM COMPOUNDS. Safety Titanium dioxide is widely used in foods and oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations. It is generally regarded as an essentially nonirritant and nontoxic excipient. Potential Exposure Titanium dioxide is a white pigment used as a pigment in paint; in the rubber, plastics, ceramics, paint, and varnish industries, in dermatological preparations; and is used as a starting material for other titanium compounds; as a gem; in curing concrete; and in coatings for welding rods. It is also used in paper and cardboard manufacture. Carcinogenicity Carcinogenesis. In a 1985 study, rats (CD) were exposed to graded airborne concentrations (0, 10, 50, and 250mg/m3) of TiO2 6 h/day, 5 days/week, for 2 years. The majority of the particles were in the respirable range (84% ≤13 mmMMD). All responses were confined to the lungs. At the lowest dose, the histopathological evaluation of the lungs revealed dust-laden macrophages in the alveolar ducts and adjacent alveoli with pneumocyte hyperplasia. At the two highest concentrations, there were increases in lung weight, accumulation of dust in the macrophages, foamy macrophage responses, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, alveolar proteinosis, alveolar bronchiolization, cholesterol granulomas, focal pleurisy, and dust deposition in the tracheobronchiolar lymph nodes. At the 250mg/m3 exposure concentration, bronchiole alveolar adenomas (males: control 2/79, 250mg/m3 12/79; females: control 0/79, 250mg/m3 13/79) increased. Additionally, 13/79 females at the 250mg/m3 dose showed squamous cell carcinoma, compared with none in 79 controls. Theauthorsnoted that this responsemight have little biological relevance to humans because of the overload of respiratory clearance mechanisms and also pointed out that the type, location, and development of the tumors were different from those in human lung tumors. It is not clear that the nasal cavity epithelium was examined. However, the nasal cavity load would be expected to be higher in the rats because of anatomic structure, whereas the lung deposition should be higher in humans because we are, in part, mouth breathers. storage Titanium dioxide is extremely stable at high temperatures. This is due to the strong bond between the tetravalent titanium ion and the bivalent oxygen ions. However, titanium dioxide can lose small, unweighable amounts of oxygen by interaction with radiant energy. This oxygen can easily recombine again as a part of a reversible photochemical reaction, particularly if there is no oxidizable material available. These small oxygen losses are important because they can cause significant changes in the optical and electrical properties of the pigment. Titanium dioxide should be stored in a well-closed container, protected from light, in a cool, dry place. Structure and conformation Rutile and anastase crystals are tetragonal. Rutile crystals have greater coverage due to the close packing orientation of the atoms in the crystal. The refractive indices for anatase and rutile crystals are 2.55 and 2.71, respectively. The resultant opacity is due to the light scattering ability of the TiO2. Light, heat, and chemical stability are excellent when employing this material. Additionally, in the United States, TiO2 is regarded as a Category I sunscreen. Incompatibilities Titanium dioxide is incompatible with strong oxidizers and strong acids. Violent or incandescent reactions may occur with metals (e.g., aluminum, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, and lithium). Incompatibilities Owing to a photocatalytic effect, titanium dioxide may interact with certain active substances, e.g. famotidine. Studies have shown that titanium dioxide monatonically degrades film mechanical properties and increases water vapor permeability of polyvinyl alcohol coatings when used as an inert filler and whitener. Titanium dioxide has also been shown to induce photooxidation of unsaturated lipids. Waste Disposal Land fill. Regulatory Status Accepted as a food additive in Europe. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (dental paste; intrauterine suppositories; ophthalmic preparations; oral capsules, suspensions, tablets; topical and transdermal preparations). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.   Titanium dioxide Preparation Products And Raw materials Raw materials Sodium hydroxide-->Sulfuric acid-->Potassium carbonate-->Iron-->Phosphoric acid-->Oxygen-->Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate-->Diantimony trioxide-->Titanium-->Coke (coal)-->Metatitanic acid-->(S)-tert-Butyl 6-amino-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)hexanoate hydrochloride-->Rutile-->Aluminum chlorohydrate-->ILMENITE-->Petroleum coke-->TITANIUM OXYSULFATE-->Aluminum oxide Preparation Products Sulfur-->PAINT-->Alkyd resin paint-->Amino resin paint-->Various color alkyd ready mixed paint-->Polyester resin paint-->Interior and exterior wall coating-->Alkyd enamel-->Master-batches-->Potassium hexafluorotitanate-->Red lead alkyd antirust paint-->Acrylic latex paint for exterior wall-->Iron oxide red alkyd primer-->latex paint-->Acrylic latex paint for interior wall-->Styrene-acrylic latex paint for exterior wall-->Latex paint for interior and exterior wall-->Thermosetting powder coating-->Anticorrosive coating-->Interior wall coating-->Epoxy polyester powder coating,mixed type-->Exterior wall coating

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Leader Biochemical Group is a large leader incorporated industry manufacturers and suppliers of advanced refined raw materials From the year of 1996 when our factory was put into production to year of 2020, our group has successively invested in more than 52 factories with shares and subordinates.We focus on manufacture Pharm & chemicals, functional active ingredients, nutritional Ingredients, health care products, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and refined feed, oil, natural plant ingredients industries to provide top quality of GMP standards products.All the invested factories' product lines cover API and intermediates, vitamins, amino acids, plant extracts, daily chemical products, cosmetics raw materials, nutrition and health care products, food additives, feed additives, essential oil products, fine chemical products and agricultural chemical raw materials And flavors and fragrances. Especially in the field of vitamins, amino acids, pharmaceutical raw materials and cosmetic raw materials, we have more than 20 years of production and sales experience. All products meet the requirements of high international export standards and have been recognized by customers all over the world. Our manufacture basement & R&D center located in National Aerospace Economic & Technical Development Zone Xi`an Shaanxi China. Now not only relying on self-cultivation and development as well as maintains good cooperative relations with many famous research institutes and universities in China. Now, we have closely cooperation with Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing Institute of Material Medical of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Zhejiang University. Closely cooperation with them not only integrating Science and technology resources, but also increasing the R&D speed and improving our R&D power. Offering Powerful Tech supporting Platform for group development. Keep serve the manufacture and the market as the R&D central task, focus on the technical research.  Now there are 3 technology R & D platforms including biological extract, microorganism fermentation and chemical synthesis, and can independently research and develop kinds of difficult APIs and pharmaceutical intermediates. With the strong support of China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry (hereinafter short for CSIPI), earlier known as Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry (SIPI), we have unique advantages in the R & D and industrialization of high-grade, precision and advanced products.  Now our Group technical force is abundant, existing staff more that 1000 people, senior professional and technical staff accounted for more than 50% of the total number of employees, including 15 PhD research and development personnel, 5 master′ S degree in technical and management personnel 9 people. We have advanced equipment like fermentation equipment and technology also extraction, isolation, purification, synthesis with rich production experience and strict quality control system, According to the GMP required, quickly transforming the R&D results to industrial production in time, it is our advantages and our products are exported to North and South America, Europe, Middle East, Africa, and other five continents and scale the forefront in the nation, won good international reputation.  We believe only good quality can bring good cooperation, quality is our key spirit during our production, we are warmly welcome clients and partner from all over the world contact us for everlasting cooperation, Leader will be your strong, sincere and reliable partner in China.

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Titanium dioxide Basic information Uses Product Name: Titanium dioxide Synonyms: UNITANE;PIGMENT WHITE 6;TIO2;TITANIC ANHYDRIDE;TITAN DIOXIDE;TITANIA;TITANIUM(+4)OXIDE;TITANIUM DIOXIDE, ANATASE CAS: 13463-67-7 MF: O2Ti MW: 79.8658 EINECS: 236-675-5 Product Categories: Pharmaceutical intermediates;Inorganic Chemicals;Inorganics;Indoles;PETRO CHEM;colorant;metal oxide Mol File: 13463-67-7.mol   Titanium dioxide Chemical Properties Melting point  1840 °C Boiling point  2900 °C density  4.26 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) refractive index  2.61 Fp  2500-3000°C storage temp.  Store at +5°C to +30°C. solubility  Practically insoluble in water. It does not dissolve in dilute mineral acids but dissolves slowly in hot concentrated sulfuric acid. form  powder Specific Gravity 4.26 color  White to slightly yellow PH 7-8 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry) Water Solubility  insoluble Crystal Structure Orthorhombic, Pcab Merck  14,9472 CAS DataBase Reference 13463-67-7(CAS DataBase Reference) IARC 2B (Vol. 47, 93) 2010 NIST Chemistry Reference Titanium dioxide(13463-67-7) EPA Substance Registry System Titanium dioxide (13463-67-7)   Safety Information Hazard Codes    Risk Statements  10-20-22 Safety Statements  26-36-25-2-36/37-45-36/37/39 WGK Germany  - HS Code  28230000 Hazardous Substances Data 13463-67-7(Hazardous Substances Data) Toxicity LD50 orally in Rabbit: > 10000 mg/kg IDLA 5,000 mg/m3 MSDS Information Provider Language Titania English SigmaAldrich English ACROS English ALFA English   Titanium dioxide Usage And Synthesis Uses Titanium (IV) dioxide (TiO2), also known as rutile, is one of the best-known compounds used as a paint pigment. It is ideal for paints exposed to severe temperatures and marine climates because of its inertness and self-cleaning attributes. It is also used in manufacture of glassware, ceramics, enamels, welding rods, and floor coverings. Description Titanium dioxide, TiO2, is a white powder and has the greatest hiding power of all white pigments. It is noncombustible; however, it is a powder and, when suspended in air, may cause a dust explosion if an ignition source is present. It is not listed in the DOT Hazardous Materials Table, and the DOT does not consider it hazardous in transportation. The primary uses are as a white pigment in paints, paper, rubber, and plastics; in cosmetics; in welding rods; and in radioactive decontamination of the skin. Chemical Properties The naturally occurring dioxide exists in three crystal forms: anatase, rutile and brookite. While rutile, the most common form, has an octahedral structure. Anatase and brookite have very distorted octahedra of oxygen atoms surrounding each titanium atom. In such distorted octahedral structures, two oxygen atoms are relatively closer to titanium than the other four oxygen atoms. Anatase is more stable than the rutile form by about 8 to 12 kJ/mol (Cotton, F.A., Wilkinson, G., Murillo, C.A and M Bochmann. 1999. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th ed, p. 697, New York: John Wiley & Sons) Other physical properties are: density 4.23g/cm3; Mohs hardness 5.8 g/cm3 ( anatase and brookite) and 6.2 g/cm3 ( rutile); index of refraction 2.488 (anatase), 2.583 (brookite) and 2.609 (rutile); melts at 1,843°C; insoluble in water and dilute acids; soluble in concentrated acids. Chemical Properties Ttitanium dioxide is an odorless white powder. Chemical Properties White, amorphous, odorless, and tasteless nonhygroscopic powder. Although the average particle size of titanium dioxide powder is less than 1 mm, commercial titanium dioxide generally occurs as aggregated particles of approximately 100 mm diameter. Titanium dioxide may occur in several different crystalline forms: rutile; anatase; and brookite. Of these, rutile and anatase are the only forms of commercial importance. Rutile is the more thermodynamically stable crystalline form, but anatase is the form most commonly used in pharmaceutical applications. Physical properties The naturally occurring dioxide exists in three crystal forms: anatase, rutile and brookite. While rutile, the most common form, has an octahedral structure. Anatase and brookite have very distorted octahedra of oxygen atoms surrounding each titanium atom. In such distorted octahedral structures, two oxygen atoms are relatively closer to titanium than the other four oxygen atoms. Anatase is more stable than the rutile form by about 8 to 12 kJ/mol (Cotton, F.A., Wilkinson, G., Murillo, C.A and M Bochmann. 1999. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th ed, p. 697, New York: John Wiley & Sons) Other physical properties are: density 4.23g/cm3; Mohs hardness 5.8 g/cm3 ( anatase and brookite) and 6.2 g/cm3 ( rutile); index of refraction 2.488 (anatase), 2.583 (brookite) and 2.609 (rutile); melts at 1,843°C; insoluble in water and dilute acids; soluble in concentrated acids. Uses Titanium dioxide is an extreme white and bright compound with high index of refraction. In paints it is a white pigment and an opacifying agent.It is in house paints, water paints, lacquers, enamels, paper filling and coating, rubber, plastics, printing ink, synthetic fabrics, floor coverings, and shoe whiteners. Also, it is used in colorants for ceramics and coatings for welding rods. A rutile form of the dioxide is used in synthetic gem stones. Uses Airfloated ilmenite is used for titanium pigment manufacture. Rutile sand is suitable for welding-rod-coating materials, as ceramic colorant, as source of titanium metal. As color in the food industry. Anatase titanium dioxide is used for welding-rod-coatings, acid resistant vitreous enamels, in specification paints, exterior white house paints, acetate rayon, white interior air-dry and baked enamels and lacquers, inks and plastics, for paper filling and coating, in water paints, tanners' leather finishes, shoe whiteners, and ceramics. High opacity and tinting values are claimed for rutile-like pigments. Uses titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the 21 FDA-approved sunscreen chemicals with an approved usage level of 2 to 25 percent. When applied, titanium dioxide remains on the skin’s surface, scattering uV light. It is often used in conjunction with other sunscreen chemicals to boost the product’s SPF value, thus reducing the risk of irritation or allergies attributed to excessive usage of chemical sunscreens. Its incorporation into sunscreen formulations, makeup bases, and daytime moisturizers depends on the particular size of titanium dioxide employed. The smaller the particle size, the more unobtrusive Tio2’s application. Large particles, on the other hand, leave a whitish wash or look on the skin. Some companies list “micro” or “ultra” when referring to the size of the titanium dioxide particle. According to some sources, titanium dioxide could be the ideal uVA/uVB protection component given its chemical, cosmetic, and physical characteristics. Titanium dioxide is also used to provide a white color to cosmetic preparations. Uses Titanium Dioxide is a white pigment that disperses in liquids and possesses great opacifying power. the crystalline modifications of titanium dioxide are rutile and anatase, of which only anatase finds use as a color additive. Preparation Titanium dioxide is mined from natural deposits. It also is produced from other titanium minerals or prepared in the laboratory. Pigment-grade dioxide is produced from the minerals, rutile and ilmenite. Rutile is converted to pigment grade rutile by chlorination to give titanium tetrachloride, TiCl4. Anhydrous tetrachloride is converted back to purified rutile form by vapor phase oxidation. Anatase form is obtained by hydrolytic precipitation of titanium(IV) sulfate on heating. The mineral ilmenite is treated with concentrated sulfuric acid. Heating the sulfate solution precipitates hydrous titanium oxide. The precipitate is calcined to expel all water. Titanium dioxide also can be prepared by heating Ti metal in air or oxygen at elevated temperatures. Application Industry Application Role/benefit Pigment Optical coating for dielectric mirrors and gemstones Brightness and very high refractive index Paper coating Helps to make paper whiter, brighter and more opaque Plastics, adhesives and rubber Helps minimize the brittleness, fading and cracking that can occur as a result of light exposure Food Contact materials and ingredients Prevents premature degradation and enhance the longevity of the product Paints Gives paint its high gloss and rich depth of color Ceramic glazes Acts as an opacifier and seeds crystal formation Cosmetic Sunscreens Active ingredients/high refractive index and strong UV light absorbing capabilities Daily cosmetics or make-up materials Additive/aids in hiding blemishes and brightening the skin Toothpastes Additive/helps to whiten tooth Catalyst Dye-sensitized solar cell Can produce electricity in nanoparticle form Hydrolysis reaction Catalyzes the photo decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen Automotive, power stations, etc. Helps to removes harmful exhaust gas emissions, such as nitrous oxides, volatile organic compounds, etc. Detoxification or remediation of wastewater Photocatalytically mineralizes pollutants (to convert into CO2 and H2O) in waste water Photocatalytic antimicrobial coating Photocatalytic destruction of organic matter Others Oxygen sensor The electrical resistivity of TiO2 can be correlated to the oxygen content of the atmosphere Anti-fogging coatings and self-cleaning windows Under exposure to UV light, TiO2 becomes increasingly hydrophilic Coated ceramic tile Disinfectant and self-cleaning qualities Treatment of the air in fruit, vegetable and cut flower storage areas Removes ethylene gas to prevent spoilage and prevents internal combustion Memristor Can be employed for solar energy conversion Mixed conductor Significant ionic and electronic conduction Production Methods Titanium dioxide occurs naturally as the minerals rutile (tetragonal structure), anatase (tetragonal structure), and brookite (orthorhombic structure). Titanium dioxide may be prepared commercially by either the sulfate or chloride process. In the sulfate process a titanium containing ore, such as ilemenite, is digested in sulfuric acid. This step is followed by dissolving the sulfates in water, then precipitating the hydrous titanium dioxide using hydrolysis. Finally, the product is calcinated at high temperature. In the chloride process, the dry ore is chlorinated at high temperature to form titanium tetrachloride, which is subsequently oxidized to form titanium dioxide. Production Methods There are two major processes for the manufacture of titanium dioxide pigments, namely sulfate route and chloride route. In the sulfate process, the ore limonite, FeOTiO2, is dissolved in sulfuric acid and the resultant solution is hydrolyzed by boiling to produce a hydrated oxide, while the iron remains in solution. The precipitated titanium hydrate is washed and leached free of soluble impurities. Controlled calcinations at about 1000°C produce pigmentary titanium dioxide of the correct crystal size distribution; this material is then subjected to a finishing coating treatment and milling. The chloride process uses gaseous chlorination of mineral rutile, followed by distillation and finally a vapor phase oxidation of the titanium tetrachloride. Composition This material is visually a brilliant white pigment which also has anti-inflammatory properties. Two crystal types of TiO2 occur: anatase and rutile. In order to produce these crystals, there are two manufacturing processes that are employed: (1) The sulfate manufacturing process has the ability to produce either type of crystal, while (2) the chloride manufacturing process produces only rutile crystals. General Description Two main physico-chemically distinct polymorphs of TiO2 are anatase and rutile. Anatase has a higher photocatalytic activity than rutile but is thermodynamically less stable. Hazard Lower respiratory tract irritant. Possible carcinogen. Health Hazard Titanium dioxide is a mild pulmonary irritant and is generally regarded as a nuisance dust. Pharmaceutical Applications Titanium dioxide is widely used in confectionery, cosmetics, and foods, in the plastics industry, and in topical and oral pharmaceutical formulations as a white pigment. Owing to its high refractive index, titanium dioxide has lightscattering properties that may be exploited in its use as a white pigment and opacifier. The range of light that is scattered can be altered by varying the particle size of the titanium dioxide powder. For example, titanium dioxide with an average particle size of 230nm scatters visible light, while titanium dioxide with an average particle size of 60nm scatters ultraviolet light and reflects visible light. In pharmaceutical formulations, titanium dioxide is used as a white pigment in film-coating suspensions, sugar-coated tablets, and gelatin capsules. Titanium dioxide may also be admixed with other pigments. Titanium dioxide is also used in dermatological preparations and cosmetics, such as sunscreens. Safety Profile A nuisance dust. A human skin irritant. Questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic, neoplastigenic, and tumorigenic data. Violent or incandescent reaction with metals at high temperatures (e.g., aluminum, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, lithium). See also TITANIUM COMPOUNDS. Safety Titanium dioxide is widely used in foods and oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations. It is generally regarded as an essentially nonirritant and nontoxic excipient. Potential Exposure Titanium dioxide is a white pigment used as a pigment in paint; in the rubber, plastics, ceramics, paint, and varnish industries, in dermatological preparations; and is used as a starting material for other titanium compounds; as a gem; in curing concrete; and in coatings for welding rods. It is also used in paper and cardboard manufacture. Carcinogenicity Carcinogenesis. In a 1985 study, rats (CD) were exposed to graded airborne concentrations (0, 10, 50, and 250mg/m3) of TiO2 6 h/day, 5 days/week, for 2 years. The majority of the particles were in the respirable range (84% ≤13 mmMMD). All responses were confined to the lungs. At the lowest dose, the histopathological evaluation of the lungs revealed dust-laden macrophages in the alveolar ducts and adjacent alveoli with pneumocyte hyperplasia. At the two highest concentrations, there were increases in lung weight, accumulation of dust in the macrophages, foamy macrophage responses, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, alveolar proteinosis, alveolar bronchiolization, cholesterol granulomas, focal pleurisy, and dust deposition in the tracheobronchiolar lymph nodes. At the 250mg/m3 exposure concentration, bronchiole alveolar adenomas (males: control 2/79, 250mg/m3 12/79; females: control 0/79, 250mg/m3 13/79) increased. Additionally, 13/79 females at the 250mg/m3 dose showed squamous cell carcinoma, compared with none in 79 controls. Theauthorsnoted that this responsemight have little biological relevance to humans because of the overload of respiratory clearance mechanisms and also pointed out that the type, location, and development of the tumors were different from those in human lung tumors. It is not clear that the nasal cavity epithelium was examined. However, the nasal cavity load would be expected to be higher in the rats because of anatomic structure, whereas the lung deposition should be higher in humans because we are, in part, mouth breathers. storage Titanium dioxide is extremely stable at high temperatures. This is due to the strong bond between the tetravalent titanium ion and the bivalent oxygen ions. However, titanium dioxide can lose small, unweighable amounts of oxygen by interaction with radiant energy. This oxygen can easily recombine again as a part of a reversible photochemical reaction, particularly if there is no oxidizable material available. These small oxygen losses are important because they can cause significant changes in the optical and electrical properties of the pigment. Titanium dioxide should be stored in a well-closed container, protected from light, in a cool, dry place. Structure and conformation Rutile and anastase crystals are tetragonal. Rutile crystals have greater coverage due to the close packing orientation of the atoms in the crystal. The refractive indices for anatase and rutile crystals are 2.55 and 2.71, respectively. The resultant opacity is due to the light scattering ability of the TiO2. Light, heat, and chemical stability are excellent when employing this material. Additionally, in the United States, TiO2 is regarded as a Category I sunscreen. Incompatibilities Titanium dioxide is incompatible with strong oxidizers and strong acids. Violent or incandescent reactions may occur with metals (e.g., aluminum, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, and lithium). Incompatibilities Owing to a photocatalytic effect, titanium dioxide may interact with certain active substances, e.g. famotidine. Studies have shown that titanium dioxide monatonically degrades film mechanical properties and increases water vapor permeability of polyvinyl alcohol coatings when used as an inert filler and whitener. Titanium dioxide has also been shown to induce photooxidation of unsaturated lipids. Waste Disposal Land fill. Regulatory Status Accepted as a food additive in Europe. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (dental paste; intrauterine suppositories; ophthalmic preparations; oral capsules, suspensions, tablets; topical and transdermal preparations). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.   Titanium dioxide Preparation Products And Raw materials Raw materials Sodium hydroxide-->Sulfuric acid-->Potassium carbonate-->Iron-->Phosphoric acid-->Oxygen-->Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate-->Diantimony trioxide-->Titanium-->Coke (coal)-->Metatitanic acid-->(S)-tert-Butyl 6-amino-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)hexanoate hydrochloride-->Rutile-->Aluminum chlorohydrate-->ILMENITE-->Petroleum coke-->TITANIUM OXYSULFATE-->Aluminum oxide Preparation Products Sulfur-->PAINT-->Alkyd resin paint-->Amino resin paint-->Various color alkyd ready mixed paint-->Polyester resin paint-->Interior and exterior wall coating-->Alkyd enamel-->Master-batches-->Potassium hexafluorotitanate-->Red lead alkyd antirust paint-->Acrylic latex paint for exterior wall-->Iron oxide red alkyd primer-->latex paint-->Acrylic latex paint for interior wall-->Styrene-acrylic latex paint for exterior wall-->Latex paint for interior and exterior wall-->Thermosetting powder coating-->Anticorrosive coating-->Interior wall coating-->Epoxy polyester powder coating,mixed type-->Exterior wall coating