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Nisin Chemical Properties |
Boiling point |
2967℃ |
density |
1.02 g/mL |
Fp |
>110°(230°F) |
storage temp. |
-20°C |
form |
solution |
Water Solubility |
Soluble in water |
Merck |
13,6592 |
CAS DataBase Reference |
1414-45-5 |
Provider |
Language |
Nisin |
English |
SigmaAldrich |
English |
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Nisin Usage And Synthesis |
Description |
As a ribosomally synthesized peptide, Nisin has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity that is produced by the Lactococcus lactis. In the food industry, Nisin is obtained from the cultivating of Lactococcus lactis on natural substrates, such as milk or dextrose. It serves as a natural, antibacterial, and toxicologically safe food preservative which is protect against many bacteria that are food-spoilage pathogens. As a food additive, Nisin is popularly used in food production, such as milk, meats, fast food, beverages, health care products and medicines, etc. It is effective to decrease sterilization time, lower temperature during food sterilization, improve food quality, lessen damage to nutrition, and extend shelf life by suppressing Gram-positive spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. Besides, it has been studied as a possible treatment for infections of Clostridium difficile combined with miconazole. It was originally isolated in the late 1930s and approved as an additive for food use in the USA in the late 1960s.
Nisin functions by binding to cell wall precursor lipid components of bacteria and disrupts cell wall production. Once introduced Nisin initially blends with Lipid II, a precursor molecule used to form bacterial cell wall, to create a complex. The complex penetrates the cell wall and breaks into the cytoplasmic membrane and form pores, through which the internal cytoplasmic content oozes out leading to bacterial inhibition or death. |
References |
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Chemical Properties |
Crystals from ethanol. Derived from Streptococcus lactis Lancefield Group N. |
Uses |
Nisin is an antimicrobial agent derived from pure culture fermenta- tions of certain strains of streptococcus lactis lancefield group n. nisin preparation contains nisin, a group of related peptides with antibiotic activity. it is used to inhibit the outgrowth of clostridium botulinum spores and toxin formation in pasteurized cheese spreads and pasteurized process cheese spreads; pasteurized cheese spread with fruits, vegetables, or meats; and pasteurized process cheese spread with fruits, vegetables, or meats. |
Uses |
Nisin is a particularly effective bacteriosin against C. botulinum, is allowed in processed cheese food. |
Uses |
An antibiotic with bactericidal action |
Definition |
ChEBI: A type-A lantibiotic containing 34 amino acid residues (including lanthionine (Lan), methyllanthionine (MeLan), didehydroalanine (Dha) and didehydroaminobutyric acid (Dhb)) and five thioether bridges. It is obtained by fermentation of the bacterium L ctococcus lactis and shows particular activity against Clostridium botulinum. It is used in the production of various processed foods to suppress Gram-positive spoilage and pathogenic bacteria and so extend shelf life. |
Biochem/physiol Actions |
Nisin (Nisaplin) is produced by Lactococcus lactis. It is an effective lantibiotic peptide bactericidal agent. Nisin is a broad spectrum antimicrobial bacteriocin which affects Gram-positive bacteria, however, it has little or no effect on Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts or fungi.It was demonstrated that nisin has capability to inhibit the growth of almost all tested Gram-positive beer-spoilage bacteria. Of 122 Gram-positive bacteria strains (predominantly Lactobacilli and Pediococci), 93% were sensitive to 100 units of nisin. In contrast, out of the 32 Gram-negative strains tested, only the genus Flavobacter proved to be affected by nisin.Nisin exerts its antimicrobial activity by binding to lipid II which is a membrane-bound advanced intermediate involved in the biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall. By doing so, nisin sequesters lipid II from its functional location. In addition, the nisin-lipid II complex leads to formation of pores in the membrane causing cell death. |
Purification Methods |
This polypeptide from S. lactis is purified by crystallisation from 80% (v/v) EtOH and by countercurrent distribution. The synthetic polypeptide antibiotic can also be purified by preparative HPLC and assayed by HPLC on a Nucleosil 3007C18 (6 x 250mm) column using a MeCN—0.01M HCl gradient (30-50%), at 2%/minute, and flow rate of 1.5mL/minute to give a retention time of 8.1 minutes; or MeCN—0.3M guanidine-HCl gradient (30-50%), at 2%/minute, and flow rate of 1.5ml/minute to give a retention time of 10.9minutes. FAB-MS gave the pseudomolecular ion m/z at 3352.7 (M + H)+. It is soluble in dilute acid and is stable even on boiling. [Berridge et al. Biochem J 52 529 1952, synthesis by Fukase et al. Tetrahedron Lett 29 795 1988.] |
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Nisin Preparation Products And Raw materials |
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2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin Chemical Properties |
Melting point |
278 °C (dec.) |
refractive index |
125 ° (C=1, H2O) |
storage temp. |
room temp |
solubility |
H2O: 45 % (w/v) |
form |
solution (clear, colorless) |
color |
White to slightly yellow |
optical activity |
[α]26/D +139°, c = 1 in H2O |
Water Solubility |
Soluble in water. |
InChIKey |
ODLHGICHYURWBS-FOSILIAISA-N |
EPA Substance Registry System |
.beta.-Cyclodextrin, 2-hydroxypropyl ethers (128446-35-5) |
Safety Statements |
24/25 |
WGK Germany |
3 |
RTECS |
GU2293332 |
TSCA |
Yes |
HS Code |
29400090 |
Provider |
Language |
SigmaAldrich |
English |
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2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin Usage And Synthesis |
Chemical Properties |
White to slightly yellow powder |
Chemical Properties |
Hydroxypropyl betadex occurs as a white or almost white, amorphous or crystalline powder. |
Uses |
2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HBC) is a widely used modified cyclodextrin, the lipophilic cavity formed by 7 glucose units. Drug solubility in water is greatly enhanced by complexing with 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. |
Uses |
enteric coating, sustained release formulations, buccal and transdermal drug delivery |
Uses |
2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin can be used as selective estrogen receptor modulator for the prevention of osteoporosis |
Production Methods |
Hydroxypropyl betadex is prepared by the treatment of an alkaline solution of b-cyclodextrin with propylene oxide. The substitution pattern can be influenced by varying the pH. Formation of O-6 and O-2 substituted products is favored by high and low alkali concentration, respectively. The mixture of products produced may be refined by preparative chromatography. |
General Description |
(2-Hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin, a hydroxyalkyl derivative, finds application as a formulation vehicle that is used to enhance the solubility of the drugs in aqueous solutions for the successful delivery of medical agents to biological systems. It is generally employed as a substitute for α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins.
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Pharmaceutical Applications |
Hydroxypropyl betadex has been widely investigated in pharmaceutics and has principally been used as a solubilizer for hydrophobic molecules in oral liquids,oral solids, parenterals, pressurized metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and topical formulations. It has also been shown to act as a stabilizer during processing and storage of formulations.
Hydroxypropyl betadex inclusion complexes have been reported to show mechanical properties distinct from the pure materials. The reported advantage of hydroxypropyl betadex over unsubstituted b-cyclodextrin is its greater water solubility. |
Safety |
The pharmaceutical toxicology of hydroxypropyl betadex has been reviewed, and in general, the material was found to be of low toxicity. It has been suggested that hydroxypropyl betadex may have a synergistic toxic effect with, for example, carcinogens, by increasing their solubility and thus bioavailability. |
storage |
Store in well-closed containers. |
Regulatory Status |
Included in oral and parenteral medicinal products. Included in an injectable preparation licensed in the UK for intramuscular or intravenous administration. |
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2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin Preparation Products And Raw materials |
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