China Largest Manufacturer factory sales Cyasorb UV-3638 CAS 18600-59-4 CAS NO.18600-59-4

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CYASORB UV-3638 Basic information Product Name: CYASORB UV-3638 Synonyms: 2,2'-(1,4-PHENYLENE)BIS-4H-3,1-BENZOXAZIN-4-ONE 18600-59-4 UV-3638;18600-59-4 UV-3638 2,2'-Benzene-1,4-diylbis(4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one);Cyasorb UV-3638 2,2'-(1,4-PHENYLENE)BIS-4H-3,1-BENZOXAZIN-4-ONE;-(1,4-PHENYLENE)BIS-4H-3,1-BENZOXAZIN-4-ONE;2-[4-(4-oxo-3,1-benzoxazin-2-yl)phenyl]-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one;1-Benzoxazin-4-one,2,2’-(1,4-phenylene)bis-4H-3;2,2'-(1,4-PHENYLENE)BIS-4H-3,1-BENZOXAZIN-4-ONE;2,2′-(p-Phenylen)di-3,1-benzoxazin CAS: 18600-59-4 MF: C22H12N2O4 MW: 368.34 EINECS: 418-280-1 Product Categories:   Mol File: 18600-59-4.mol   CYASORB UV-3638 Chemical Properties Melting point  315-317 °C Boiling point  522.8±20.0 °C(Predicted) density  1.41±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted) storage temp.  2-8°C pka 1.98±0.20(Predicted) CAS DataBase Reference 18600-59-4(CAS DataBase Reference) EPA Substance Registry System 4H-3,1-Benzoxazin-4-one, 2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)bis- (18600-59-4)   Safety Information Hazard Codes  Xi Risk Statements  43-53 Safety Statements  24-37-61 MSDS Information   CYASORB UV-3638 Usage And Synthesis Description CYASORB UV-3638 is a highly efficient and non-staining UV absorber, which is distinguishied by its superiorly low volatility, and its strong & broad range of UV light absorption together with no color contribution & excellent stabilization for polymers. White UV-3638 is designed to meet the demanding high temperature requirements for processing engineering plastics such as Nylon, PC,PET,PBT and PPO. UV-3638 is also highly effective in other poymers such as polyamides, polyacetals, polyolefins fibers, styrenics, elastomers where long term permanet UV light stability is required. Chemical Properties white to off-white crystalline powder. Uses Cyasorb 3638 offers very strong and broad UV absorption with no color contribution. Possesses very good stabilization for polyesters(PET) and polycarbonates(PC).3638 is based on a benzoxaxinone structure which delivers a short-term heat stability up to 350 °C and a long term heat stability up to 160 °C. UV 3638 is ideal for film/sheet/plate applications such as solar cell, window film, etc. Application UV-3638 can be readily incorporated in the polymers within the dosage range of 0.1-10% by weight through conventional techniquire such as powder, solution, or melt blending(e.g. extrusion compounding). It can be used alone or in a variety of blends and combinations with antioxidants, phosphites and other light stabilizers where often a synergistic performance is observed. Basically, the dosage level for UV-3638 can be expectd to be 1/3 of the exsited benzotriazole type UV absorbers with the nearly same efficency of UV screenning. Engineering plastics (Nylone/plycarbonate/PET/PBT/PPO/PPS..etc) Because of it's superior heat resistance, so its volatility is extremely low during the processing of engineering plastics at temperatures above 300°C. Also, it offering a very strong & broad UV absorption with no color contribution and exllent stabilzation. so it will allow the recycling or reworking of scrap without significant lowss of the UV light stability. UV-3638 meets the stringent requirement of applications where light transmission and optical properties are critical. Other polymers Because of its high absorptivity in the range of 300-360nm, plus its extremely low volatility, assures maximal resistance to UV light degradation even during long term indoor and out door exposure.   CYASORB UV-3638 Preparation Products And Raw materials   Product Name: Silymarin Synonyms: Silybum marianum;silybin or silybinin;MilkthistleP.E.exsemencardui;Milkthistleextract/Silymarin;Milkthistleseedextract,powder=Silymarin/Silybin;Silybummarianumextract,seed;Milkthistleseedextract,fluid=Silymarin/Silybin;Silybummarianumseedextract,fluid CAS: 65666-07-1 MF: C25H22O10 MW: 482.44 EINECS: 613-830-9 Product Categories: Inhibitors;NMN Mol File: 65666-07-1.mol   Silymarin Chemical Properties Melting point  158 °C storage temp.  -20°C solubility  Acetone (Slightly), DMSO (Slightly), Methanol (Very Slightly) form  Solid color  Light Orange to Brown CAS DataBase Reference 65666-07-1(CAS DataBase Reference)   Safety Information Safety Statements  22-24/25 WGK Germany  3 MSDS Information Provider Language SigmaAldrich English   Silymarin Usage And Synthesis Description Silymarin is a kind of flavonoid complex consisting of silybin, silydianin, and silychrisin, derived from the milk thistle plant. It is a kind of potent antioxidant, anti-cancer agent as well as liver protecting agent. It has a lot of pharmaceutical functions. For example: (1) Promotes healthy liver function and general health; (2) Strengthen the normal cellular defense system to protect the liver tissue; (3) Help to eliminate the toxin accumulating in the liver; (4) Increase the survival rate of patients of cirrhosis; (5) Protect our body against industrial poisons; (6) Antidote against the death cap mushroom. Silymarin exerts its pharmaceutical effects through various mechanism including scavenging free radicals, increasing glutathione (has detoxifying effect) level in the liver, increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, stimulating liver protein synthesis and inhibiting the synthesis of leukotrienes. Physical properties Silymarin is obtained from silybum marianum (milk thistle), an edible plant that has been used medicinally for centuries as a herbal medicine for the treatment of liver related disorders. The plant is native to the Mediterranean andis widely found in Europe and North America. It also grows in India, China, South America and Australia. This herb is approved for sale in Canada in different products and gains an annual business of 180 million in Germany. Silymarin is a polyphenolic flavonoid, extracted using 95% ethanol, from the seeds of the milk thistle. The plant consists of approximately 70-80% of silymarin flavonolignans and approximately 20-30% undefined fraction. The most prevalent component is Silybin (50-60% of Silymarin). It consists of seven flavonoglignans (silibinin, isosilibinin, silychristin, isosilychristin and silydianin) and a flavonoid (taxifolin). Pharmacokinetics Silymarin is insoluble in water and is often administered in a capsulated form. It is absorbed orally, with peak plasma concentration in 6-8 hr. But, the oral absorption of silymarin is only about 23-47% leading to low bioavailability. The poor water solubility and bioavailability led to the development of enhanced formulations like silipide (Siliphos) a complex of silymarin and phosphatidylcholine which is ten times more bioavailable. Mechanism of action Silymarin's hepatoprotective effects are accomplished by several mechanisms which include antioxidant, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, enhanced hepatocyte regeneration, enhanced liver detoxification and protection from glutathione depletion, antiinlammatory effects including inhibition of leukotriene, prostaglandin synthesis and kupffer cells, mast cell stabilization. slowing of fibrosis by reducing conversion of hepatic stellate cells. Silymarin is a naturally-occurring polyphenolic flavonoid compound. Silymarin is derived from the seeds of the milk thistle plant. It has inhibitory effects on melanogenesis in a spontaneously immortalized mouse melanocyte cell line, Mel-Ab. In one study (Choo et al., 2009), silymarin was shown to significantly prevent melanin production in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 28.2 μg/ml, without effects on cell viability (Choo et al., 2009). Also, silymarin inhibits the L-DOPA oxidation activity of the rate-limiting melanogenic enzyme tyrosinase in cell based-systems but it does not directly affect cell-free tyrosinase activity (Choo et al., 2009). Furthermore, silymarin decreases the expression of tyrosinase protein (Choo et al., 2009). Uses In the United States, milk thistle is most commonly used to treat viral infections and cirrhosis of the liver. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) was used in classical Greece to treat liver and gallbladder diseases and to protect the liver against toxins. It recently has been investigated for use as a cytoprotectant, an anticarcinogen, and a supportive treatment for liver damage from Amanita phalloides poisoning. Its active ingredient is silymarin, found primarily in the seeds. Silymarin undergoes enterohepatic recirculation, which results in higher concentrations in liver cells than in serum.It is made up of components called flavonolignans, the most common being silybin. Side effects Silymarin has very low toxicity and has been shown a good safety profile. At high doses it has a laxative effect due to increased bile secretion, adverse effects related to GI tract were reported in 2-10% patients in a clinical trial. References # //172.16.24.181/www.mediherb.com/media/797348/silymarin-pds.pdf Uses Silymarin a flavonolignan complex extracted from milk thistle, has been shown to provide cytoprotective, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. Provides extracts such as (+)-taxifolin as an inhibitor of β-amyloid aggregation. Uses Silymarin has been used to study: its in vitro antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal activities and cytotoxicity its effect of silymarin on bladder contractions in cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis rat model its effect on liver toxication induced by Fumonisin B1 in mice Indications Milk thistle (Silybum [Carduus] marianus) is a spiny European plant with white-veined leaves and milky sap, the seed of which is used to treat liver disease.Milk thistle seed extract is used orally in the treatment of alcoholic and other cirrhoses and in Europe intravenously for its hepatoprotective effect in Amanita and other mushroom poisonings. It is grown in this country primarily as a “liver cleanser” and is reputed to protect this organ from a wide array of toxins.Milk thistle seed contains the active principle silymarin, a complex of flavonolignan compounds including silibinin (silybin), silidianin, and silychristin. General Description Silymarin is a flavonolignan, obtained from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) plant. Biochem/physiol Actions Silymarin was shown to protect the liver from the cytotoxic effects of anti-tuberculosis drugs by decreasing serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels. This effect was related to the anti-oxidant effects of silymarin. Mechanism of action Silybum marianum (milk thistle) contains numerous phytocompounds, such as silymarin and silibinin, demonstrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Silibinin has strong protection against UV-induced damage by inhibition in both cell proliferation and apoptosis by reducing thymine dimer-positive cells and upregulating p53 in mice. Increasing the transcriptional activity of p53 leads to the synthesis of p21/Cip1, a protein that arrests DNA synthesis and thereby increases DNA repair time. Mechanism of action Silymarin is thought to protect the liver by preventing the entry of toxins into the hepatocyte and by stimulating nucleolar polymerase A, which, in turn, increases protein synthesis and liver regeneration. Silymarin undergoes enterohepatic circulation, increasing its concentration in hepatocytes. It is also an antioxidant in its own right and is considered to have some cytoprotective effect against carcinogens. Clinical Use Alcoholic cirrhosis has been improved (faster return of liver enzymes to baseline) in at least three trials, although one multicenter Spanish study failed to demonstrate any change in the clinical course.There is no evidence to support the use of milk thistle to increase alcohol tolerance, although it is certainly being used for this purpose. The effectiveness of silymarin for viral hepatitis is not clear, although several trials demonstrated enough benefit to encourage further studies. Intravenous silymarin has been demonstrated to lower mortality from Amanita mushroom poisonings, but this formulation is available only in Europe.Animal studies have demonstrated hepatic protection against alcohol, acetaminophen, and mushroom toxins and protection against hepatic fibrosis with bile duct occlusion. There is also evidence of silybin protecting against cisplatin- induced nephrotoxicity in rats. It is not yet clear whether milk thistle extract offers any renal protection to humans. Side effects Milk thistle appears to be remarkably safe, with loose stools due to increased bile solubility and occasional allergic reactions being the common side effects. It has not been evaluated in children or in pregnant women.There are no known serious drug or herb interactions. Toxicity evaluation Silymarin has been known for its very low toxicity, Acute toxicity studies of silymarin after intravenous infusion have been carried out in mice, rats, rabbits and dogs. The LD50 values were 400 mg/kg in mice, 385 mg/ kg in rats, and 140 mg/kg in rabbits and dogs though these values were dependent on infusion rate. With slow infusion rate (over 2 to 3 h) the LD50 increased to 2 g/kg in rats and after oral administration it was even 10 g/kg.   Silymarin Preparation Products And Raw materials

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Leader Biochemical Group is a large leader incorporated industry manufacturers and suppliers of advanced refined raw materials From the year of 1996 when our factory was put into production to year of 2020, our group has successively invested in more than 52 factories with shares and subordinates.We focus on manufacture Pharm & chemicals, functional active ingredients, nutritional Ingredients, health care products, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and refined feed, oil, natural plant ingredients industries to provide top quality of GMP standards products.All the invested factories' product lines cover API and intermediates, vitamins, amino acids, plant extracts, daily chemical products, cosmetics raw materials, nutrition and health care products, food additives, feed additives, essential oil products, fine chemical products and agricultural chemical raw materials And flavors and fragrances. Especially in the field of vitamins, amino acids, pharmaceutical raw materials and cosmetic raw materials, we have more than 20 years of production and sales experience. All products meet the requirements of high international export standards and have been recognized by customers all over the world. Our manufacture basement & R&D center located in National Aerospace Economic & Technical Development Zone Xi`an Shaanxi China. Now not only relying on self-cultivation and development as well as maintains good cooperative relations with many famous research institutes and universities in China. Now, we have closely cooperation with Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing Institute of Material Medical of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Zhejiang University. Closely cooperation with them not only integrating Science and technology resources, but also increasing the R&D speed and improving our R&D power. Offering Powerful Tech supporting Platform for group development. Keep serve the manufacture and the market as the R&D central task, focus on the technical research.  Now there are 3 technology R & D platforms including biological extract, microorganism fermentation and chemical synthesis, and can independently research and develop kinds of difficult APIs and pharmaceutical intermediates. With the strong support of China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry (hereinafter short for CSIPI), earlier known as Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry (SIPI), we have unique advantages in the R & D and industrialization of high-grade, precision and advanced products.  Now our Group technical force is abundant, existing staff more that 1000 people, senior professional and technical staff accounted for more than 50% of the total number of employees, including 15 PhD research and development personnel, 5 master′ S degree in technical and management personnel 9 people. We have advanced equipment like fermentation equipment and technology also extraction, isolation, purification, synthesis with rich production experience and strict quality control system, According to the GMP required, quickly transforming the R&D results to industrial production in time, it is our advantages and our products are exported to North and South America, Europe, Middle East, Africa, and other five continents and scale the forefront in the nation, won good international reputation.  We believe only good quality can bring good cooperation, quality is our key spirit during our production, we are warmly welcome clients and partner from all over the world contact us for everlasting cooperation, Leader will be your strong, sincere and reliable partner in China.

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CYASORB UV-3638 Basic information Product Name: CYASORB UV-3638 Synonyms: 2,2'-(1,4-PHENYLENE)BIS-4H-3,1-BENZOXAZIN-4-ONE 18600-59-4 UV-3638;18600-59-4 UV-3638 2,2'-Benzene-1,4-diylbis(4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one);Cyasorb UV-3638 2,2'-(1,4-PHENYLENE)BIS-4H-3,1-BENZOXAZIN-4-ONE;-(1,4-PHENYLENE)BIS-4H-3,1-BENZOXAZIN-4-ONE;2-[4-(4-oxo-3,1-benzoxazin-2-yl)phenyl]-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one;1-Benzoxazin-4-one,2,2’-(1,4-phenylene)bis-4H-3;2,2'-(1,4-PHENYLENE)BIS-4H-3,1-BENZOXAZIN-4-ONE;2,2′-(p-Phenylen)di-3,1-benzoxazin CAS: 18600-59-4 MF: C22H12N2O4 MW: 368.34 EINECS: 418-280-1 Product Categories:   Mol File: 18600-59-4.mol   CYASORB UV-3638 Chemical Properties Melting point  315-317 °C Boiling point  522.8±20.0 °C(Predicted) density  1.41±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted) storage temp.  2-8°C pka 1.98±0.20(Predicted) CAS DataBase Reference 18600-59-4(CAS DataBase Reference) EPA Substance Registry System 4H-3,1-Benzoxazin-4-one, 2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)bis- (18600-59-4)   Safety Information Hazard Codes  Xi Risk Statements  43-53 Safety Statements  24-37-61 MSDS Information   CYASORB UV-3638 Usage And Synthesis Description CYASORB UV-3638 is a highly efficient and non-staining UV absorber, which is distinguishied by its superiorly low volatility, and its strong & broad range of UV light absorption together with no color contribution & excellent stabilization for polymers. White UV-3638 is designed to meet the demanding high temperature requirements for processing engineering plastics such as Nylon, PC,PET,PBT and PPO. UV-3638 is also highly effective in other poymers such as polyamides, polyacetals, polyolefins fibers, styrenics, elastomers where long term permanet UV light stability is required. Chemical Properties white to off-white crystalline powder. Uses Cyasorb 3638 offers very strong and broad UV absorption with no color contribution. Possesses very good stabilization for polyesters(PET) and polycarbonates(PC).3638 is based on a benzoxaxinone structure which delivers a short-term heat stability up to 350 °C and a long term heat stability up to 160 °C. UV 3638 is ideal for film/sheet/plate applications such as solar cell, window film, etc. Application UV-3638 can be readily incorporated in the polymers within the dosage range of 0.1-10% by weight through conventional techniquire such as powder, solution, or melt blending(e.g. extrusion compounding). It can be used alone or in a variety of blends and combinations with antioxidants, phosphites and other light stabilizers where often a synergistic performance is observed. Basically, the dosage level for UV-3638 can be expectd to be 1/3 of the exsited benzotriazole type UV absorbers with the nearly same efficency of UV screenning. Engineering plastics (Nylone/plycarbonate/PET/PBT/PPO/PPS..etc) Because of it's superior heat resistance, so its volatility is extremely low during the processing of engineering plastics at temperatures above 300°C. Also, it offering a very strong & broad UV absorption with no color contribution and exllent stabilzation. so it will allow the recycling or reworking of scrap without significant lowss of the UV light stability. UV-3638 meets the stringent requirement of applications where light transmission and optical properties are critical. Other polymers Because of its high absorptivity in the range of 300-360nm, plus its extremely low volatility, assures maximal resistance to UV light degradation even during long term indoor and out door exposure.   CYASORB UV-3638 Preparation Products And Raw materials   Product Name: Silymarin Synonyms: Silybum marianum;silybin or silybinin;MilkthistleP.E.exsemencardui;Milkthistleextract/Silymarin;Milkthistleseedextract,powder=Silymarin/Silybin;Silybummarianumextract,seed;Milkthistleseedextract,fluid=Silymarin/Silybin;Silybummarianumseedextract,fluid CAS: 65666-07-1 MF: C25H22O10 MW: 482.44 EINECS: 613-830-9 Product Categories: Inhibitors;NMN Mol File: 65666-07-1.mol   Silymarin Chemical Properties Melting point  158 °C storage temp.  -20°C solubility  Acetone (Slightly), DMSO (Slightly), Methanol (Very Slightly) form  Solid color  Light Orange to Brown CAS DataBase Reference 65666-07-1(CAS DataBase Reference)   Safety Information Safety Statements  22-24/25 WGK Germany  3 MSDS Information Provider Language SigmaAldrich English   Silymarin Usage And Synthesis Description Silymarin is a kind of flavonoid complex consisting of silybin, silydianin, and silychrisin, derived from the milk thistle plant. It is a kind of potent antioxidant, anti-cancer agent as well as liver protecting agent. It has a lot of pharmaceutical functions. For example: (1) Promotes healthy liver function and general health; (2) Strengthen the normal cellular defense system to protect the liver tissue; (3) Help to eliminate the toxin accumulating in the liver; (4) Increase the survival rate of patients of cirrhosis; (5) Protect our body against industrial poisons; (6) Antidote against the death cap mushroom. Silymarin exerts its pharmaceutical effects through various mechanism including scavenging free radicals, increasing glutathione (has detoxifying effect) level in the liver, increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, stimulating liver protein synthesis and inhibiting the synthesis of leukotrienes. Physical properties Silymarin is obtained from silybum marianum (milk thistle), an edible plant that has been used medicinally for centuries as a herbal medicine for the treatment of liver related disorders. The plant is native to the Mediterranean andis widely found in Europe and North America. It also grows in India, China, South America and Australia. This herb is approved for sale in Canada in different products and gains an annual business of 180 million in Germany. Silymarin is a polyphenolic flavonoid, extracted using 95% ethanol, from the seeds of the milk thistle. The plant consists of approximately 70-80% of silymarin flavonolignans and approximately 20-30% undefined fraction. The most prevalent component is Silybin (50-60% of Silymarin). It consists of seven flavonoglignans (silibinin, isosilibinin, silychristin, isosilychristin and silydianin) and a flavonoid (taxifolin). Pharmacokinetics Silymarin is insoluble in water and is often administered in a capsulated form. It is absorbed orally, with peak plasma concentration in 6-8 hr. But, the oral absorption of silymarin is only about 23-47% leading to low bioavailability. The poor water solubility and bioavailability led to the development of enhanced formulations like silipide (Siliphos) a complex of silymarin and phosphatidylcholine which is ten times more bioavailable. Mechanism of action Silymarin's hepatoprotective effects are accomplished by several mechanisms which include antioxidant, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, enhanced hepatocyte regeneration, enhanced liver detoxification and protection from glutathione depletion, antiinlammatory effects including inhibition of leukotriene, prostaglandin synthesis and kupffer cells, mast cell stabilization. slowing of fibrosis by reducing conversion of hepatic stellate cells. Silymarin is a naturally-occurring polyphenolic flavonoid compound. Silymarin is derived from the seeds of the milk thistle plant. It has inhibitory effects on melanogenesis in a spontaneously immortalized mouse melanocyte cell line, Mel-Ab. In one study (Choo et al., 2009), silymarin was shown to significantly prevent melanin production in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 28.2 μg/ml, without effects on cell viability (Choo et al., 2009). Also, silymarin inhibits the L-DOPA oxidation activity of the rate-limiting melanogenic enzyme tyrosinase in cell based-systems but it does not directly affect cell-free tyrosinase activity (Choo et al., 2009). Furthermore, silymarin decreases the expression of tyrosinase protein (Choo et al., 2009). Uses In the United States, milk thistle is most commonly used to treat viral infections and cirrhosis of the liver. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) was used in classical Greece to treat liver and gallbladder diseases and to protect the liver against toxins. It recently has been investigated for use as a cytoprotectant, an anticarcinogen, and a supportive treatment for liver damage from Amanita phalloides poisoning. Its active ingredient is silymarin, found primarily in the seeds. Silymarin undergoes enterohepatic recirculation, which results in higher concentrations in liver cells than in serum.It is made up of components called flavonolignans, the most common being silybin. Side effects Silymarin has very low toxicity and has been shown a good safety profile. At high doses it has a laxative effect due to increased bile secretion, adverse effects related to GI tract were reported in 2-10% patients in a clinical trial. References # http://172.16.24.181/www.mediherb.com/media/797348/silymarin-pds.pdf Uses Silymarin a flavonolignan complex extracted from milk thistle, has been shown to provide cytoprotective, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. Provides extracts such as (+)-taxifolin as an inhibitor of β-amyloid aggregation. Uses Silymarin has been used to study: its in vitro antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal activities and cytotoxicity its effect of silymarin on bladder contractions in cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis rat model its effect on liver toxication induced by Fumonisin B1 in mice Indications Milk thistle (Silybum [Carduus] marianus) is a spiny European plant with white-veined leaves and milky sap, the seed of which is used to treat liver disease.Milk thistle seed extract is used orally in the treatment of alcoholic and other cirrhoses and in Europe intravenously for its hepatoprotective effect in Amanita and other mushroom poisonings. It is grown in this country primarily as a “liver cleanser” and is reputed to protect this organ from a wide array of toxins.Milk thistle seed contains the active principle silymarin, a complex of flavonolignan compounds including silibinin (silybin), silidianin, and silychristin. General Description Silymarin is a flavonolignan, obtained from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) plant. Biochem/physiol Actions Silymarin was shown to protect the liver from the cytotoxic effects of anti-tuberculosis drugs by decreasing serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels. This effect was related to the anti-oxidant effects of silymarin. Mechanism of action Silybum marianum (milk thistle) contains numerous phytocompounds, such as silymarin and silibinin, demonstrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Silibinin has strong protection against UV-induced damage by inhibition in both cell proliferation and apoptosis by reducing thymine dimer-positive cells and upregulating p53 in mice. Increasing the transcriptional activity of p53 leads to the synthesis of p21/Cip1, a protein that arrests DNA synthesis and thereby increases DNA repair time. Mechanism of action Silymarin is thought to protect the liver by preventing the entry of toxins into the hepatocyte and by stimulating nucleolar polymerase A, which, in turn, increases protein synthesis and liver regeneration. Silymarin undergoes enterohepatic circulation, increasing its concentration in hepatocytes. It is also an antioxidant in its own right and is considered to have some cytoprotective effect against carcinogens. Clinical Use Alcoholic cirrhosis has been improved (faster return of liver enzymes to baseline) in at least three trials, although one multicenter Spanish study failed to demonstrate any change in the clinical course.There is no evidence to support the use of milk thistle to increase alcohol tolerance, although it is certainly being used for this purpose. The effectiveness of silymarin for viral hepatitis is not clear, although several trials demonstrated enough benefit to encourage further studies. Intravenous silymarin has been demonstrated to lower mortality from Amanita mushroom poisonings, but this formulation is available only in Europe.Animal studies have demonstrated hepatic protection against alcohol, acetaminophen, and mushroom toxins and protection against hepatic fibrosis with bile duct occlusion. There is also evidence of silybin protecting against cisplatin- induced nephrotoxicity in rats. It is not yet clear whether milk thistle extract offers any renal protection to humans. Side effects Milk thistle appears to be remarkably safe, with loose stools due to increased bile solubility and occasional allergic reactions being the common side effects. It has not been evaluated in children or in pregnant women.There are no known serious drug or herb interactions. Toxicity evaluation Silymarin has been known for its very low toxicity, Acute toxicity studies of silymarin after intravenous infusion have been carried out in mice, rats, rabbits and dogs. The LD50 values were 400 mg/kg in mice, 385 mg/ kg in rats, and 140 mg/kg in rabbits and dogs though these values were dependent on infusion rate. With slow infusion rate (over 2 to 3 h) the LD50 increased to 2 g/kg in rats and after oral administration it was even 10 g/kg.   Silymarin Preparation Products And Raw materials