China Largest Manufacturer factory Supply Dextrose Anhydrate/Dextrose Anhydrous CAS 50-99-7 CAS NO.50-99-7

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D(+)-Glucose Basic information Description References Product Name: D(+)-Glucose Synonyms: D-Glucose-UL-12C6 (depleted of 13C);D-Glucose-UL-13C6, 1,2,3,4,5,6,6-D7;DEXTROSE,ANHYDROUS,GRANULAR,BIOTECHGRADE;DEXTROSE,ANHYDROUS,GRANULAR,REAGENT,ACS;DEXTROSE,ANHYDROUS,GRANULAR,USP,EP,BP,JP;DEXTROSE,ANHYDROUS,ULTRAPURE;(3R,4R,5S,6S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol;Cerelose 2001 CAS: 50-99-7 MF: C6H12O6 MW: 180.16 EINECS: 200-075-1 Product Categories: chemical reagent;pharmaceutical intermediate;phytochemical;reference standards from Chinese medicinal herbs (TCM).;standardized herbal extract;D-glucose, Grape sugar;Basic Sugars (Mono & Oligosaccharides);Biochemistry;Glucose;Sugars;Dextrins、Sugar & Carbohydrates;GChromatography;carbohydrate;Inhibitors;Islet Stem Cell Isolation;Miscellaneous Reagents and SupplementsNeural Stem Cell Biology;Supplements/ReagentsIslet Stem Cell Biology;Alphabetic;Analytical Standards;Food&Beverage Standards;Sweetener;Food&Beverage;Kits for Food Analysis;Special Applications;Carbohydrates;Carbohydrates A to;Carbohydrates GBiochemicals and Reagents;Monosaccharide;Food additive , Sweeteners;Food Additives;Cell Culture;Neural Stem Cell Isolation/Expansion;Reagents and Supplements;Supplements/Reagents Mol File: 50-99-7.mol   D(+)-Glucose Chemical Properties Melting point  150-152 °C(lit.) alpha  52.75 º (c=10, H2O, NH4OH 25 ºC) Boiling point  232.96°C (rough estimate) density  1.5440 refractive index  53 ° (C=10, H2O) storage temp.  room temp solubility  H2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless pka pKa 12.43(H2O,t = 18,)(Approximate) form  Crystalline Powder color  White PH 5.0-7.0 (25℃, 1M in H2O) Odor Odorless PH Range 5.9 optical activity [α]25/D +52.5 to +53.0°(lit.) Water Solubility  Soluble λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.03 λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.02 Merck  14,4459 BRN  1281608 Stability: Stable. Substances to be avoided include strong oxidizing agents. Combustible. InChIKey WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-DVKNGEFBSA-N CAS DataBase Reference 50-99-7(CAS DataBase Reference) NIST Chemistry Reference Glucose(50-99-7) EPA Substance Registry System Dextrose (50-99-7)   Safety Information Hazard Codes  Xi,Xn Risk Statements  36/37/38-63-62-46-36/38-21 Safety Statements  26-36/37-24/25-53-25 WGK Germany  1 RTECS  LZ6600000 F  3 Autoignition Temperature 500 °C TSCA  Yes HS Code  17023051 Hazardous Substances Data 50-99-7(Hazardous Substances Data) Toxicity LD50 orally in Rabbit: 25800 mg/kg MSDS Information Provider Language D(+)-Glucose English   D(+)-Glucose Usage And Synthesis Description D(+)-glucose ,a short form of dextrorotatory glucose, is a stereoisomer of glucose molecule, which is biologically active and whose bottom chiral carbon has its hydroxyl group (OH) located spatially to the right. Its molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) form and has two isomers α- and β-. It is the main source of energy in the form of ATP for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. In animals, it arises from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as glycogenolysis. D-(+)-Glucose has been used as a standard for the estimation of total sugar in hydrolyzed starch by phenol-sulfuric acid method. It has also been used in the preparation of the liquid media for culturing some yeast cells. In addition, it is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement, such as glucose syrup and glucose powder. It can be obtained by enzymatic cleavage of starch, so there are multiple sources like sugar cane, sugar beet, corn (corn syrup), potatoes and wheat. Today, large-scale starch hydrolysis is used to produce glucose. References 1. # lang=en&region=CA 2. # 3. # 4. # 5. # Description D-(+)-Glucose is a monosaccharide that occurs in nature and is used by organisms as an energy source. D-(+)-Glucose is the more common enantiomer of L-(–)-glucose (Item No. 20829). Anhydrous Dextrose is the anhydrous form of D-glucose, a natural monosaccharide and carbohydrate. Dextrose serves to replenish lost nutrients and electrolytes. The agent provides metabolic energy and is the primary ingredient in oral rehydration salts (ORS) and is used in intravenous (IV) fluids to provide nutrients to patients under intensive care who are unable to receive them by the oral route. Solutions containing dextrose restore blood glucose levels and provide calories and may aid in minimizing liver glycogen depletion and exerts a protein-sparing action. Dextrose anhydrous also plays a role in the production of proteins and in lipid metabolism. Watery odorless colorless liquid. Denser than water and soluble in water. Hence sinks in and mixes with water. (USCG, 1999) Aldehydo-D-glucose is the open chain form of D-glucose. It is a D-glucose and an aldehydo-glucose. It is an enantiomer of an aldehydo-L-glucose. Description Glucose is one of the most important biological compounds found in nature. It is a main product in photosynthesis and is oxidized in cellular respiration. Glucose polymerizes to form several important classes of biomolecules including cellulose, starch, and glycogen. It also combines with other compounds to produce common sugars such as sucrose and lactose. The form of glucose displayed above is D-glucose. The “D” designation indicates the configuration of the molecule. The “D” configuration specifies that the hydroxyl group on the number 5 carbon is on the right side of the molecule. The mirror image of D-glucose produces another form of glucose called L-glucose. Glucose is the most common form of a large class of molecules called carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are the predominant type of organic compounds found in organisms and include sugar, starches, and fats. Carbohydrates, as the name implies, derive their name from glucose,C6H12O6, which was considered a hydrate of carbon with the general formula of Cn(H2O)n, where n is a positive integer. Although the idea of water bonded to carbon to form a hydrate of carbon was wrong, the term carbohydrate persisted. Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, with the carbon atoms generally forming long unbranched chains. Carbohydrates are also known as saccharides derived from the Latin word for sugar, saccharon. Chemical Properties White or almost white, crystalline powder. Originator Dextrose,Wockhardt Ltd.,India History D-Glucose is the most important and predominant monosaccharide found in nature. It was isolated from raisins by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (1709–1782) in 1747, and in 1838, Jean-Baptiste-André Dumas (1800–1884) adopted the name glucose from the Greek word glycos meaning sweet. Emil Fischer (1852–1919) determined the structure of glucose in the late 19th century. Glucose also goes by the names dextrose (from its ability to rotate polarized light to the right), grape sugar, and blood sugar. The term blood sugar indicates that glucose is the primary sugar dissolved in blood. Glucose’s abundant hydroxyl groups enable extensive hydrogen bonding, and so glucose is highly soluble in water. Uses Glucose is the primary fuel for biological respiration. During digestion, complex sugarsand starches are broken down into glucose (as well as fructose and galactose) in the small intestine.Glucose then moves into the bloodstream and is transported to the liver where glucoseis metabolized through a series of biochemical reactions, collectively referred to as glycolysis.Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose, occurs in most organisms. In glycolysis, the final productis pyruvate. The fate of pyruvate depends on the type of organism and cellular conditions.In animals, pyruvate is oxidized under aerobic conditions producing carbon dioxide. Underanaerobic conditions in animals, lactate is produced. This occurs in the muscle of humansand other animals. During strenuous conditions the accumulation of lactate causes musclefatigue and soreness. Certain microorganisms, such as yeast, under anaerobic conditions convertpyruvate to carbonic dioxide and ethanol. This is the basis of the production of alcohol.Glycolysis also results in the production of various intermediates used in the synthesis of otherbiomolecules. Depending on the organism, glycolysis takes various forms, with numerousproducts and intermediates possible. Uses glucose has moisture-binding properties and provides the skin with a soothing effect. It is a sugar that is generally obtained by the hydrolysis of starch. Uses Glucose is a corn sweetener that is commercially made from starch by the action of heat and acids or enzymes, resulting in the complete hydrolysis of the cornstarch. There are two types of refined commercially available: hydrate, which contains 9% by weight water of crystallization and is the most often used, and anhydrous glucose, which contains less than 0.5% water. is a reducing sugar and produces a high-temperature browning effect in baked goods. It is used in ice cream, bakery products, and confections. It is also termed corn sugar. Uses Dextrose(D-glucose), a simple sugar (monosaccharide), is an important carbohydrate in biology Uses Labelled D-Glucose is a simple sugar that is present in plants. A monosaccharide that may exist in open chain or cyclic conformation if in solution. It plays a vital role in photosynthesis and fuels the energy required for cellular respiration. D-Glucose is used in various metabolic processes including enzymic synthesis of cyclohexyl-α and β-D-glucosides. Can also be used as a diagnostic tool in detection of type 2 diabetes mellitus and potentially Huntington's disease through analysis of blood-glucose in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Uses A primary source of energy for living organisms Uses D(+)-Glucose anhydrous for biochemistry Reag. Ph Eur. CAS 50-99-7, molar mass 180.16 g/mol. Definition Naturally occurring GLUCOSE belongs to the stereochemical series D and is dextrorotatory, indicated by the symbol (+). Thus the term dextrose is used to indicate D-(+)-glucose. As other stereochemical forms of glucose have no significance in biological systems the term ‘glucose’ is often used interchangeably with dextrose in biology. Definition ChEBI: The open chain form of D-glucose. Manufacturing Process D-Glucose is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. Dehydration of Dextrose Monohydrate. 1. Dehydration with Fluid-bed Dryer Dextrose monohydrate was brought in a horizontal-placed turbo-dryer (VOMM, Mailand, Italy). The dehydration occurred at a temperature of between 90° to 150°C in a stream of air of 5 Normalised m3/kg (i.e volume of gas at 0°C and 1 mbar) dextrose and a rotation speed of 1200 min-1. Dehydration of Glucose Syrup (Dextrose Content 96%). A glucose syrup (C*SWEET D 02763 Cerestar) (dry substance ca. 70%) was sprayed at a flow rate of 7 kg/h at 70°C into a Niro FSD pilot plant spray dryer. For powdering ca. 9 kg coarsely milled dried product at a ratio liquid/solid of 1:2 was added. The atomising conditions were as follows: The drying chamber was operated at: The fluid bed was adjusted to: Brand name Cartose (Sterling Winthrop) Dextrose. Therapeutic Function Sugar supplement Biotechnological Production The D-configuration of D-isoascorbic acid at C5 allows a short biosynthetic pathway from D-glucose, i.e., its 1,5-glucopyranoside, which is oxidized to D-glucono-1,5-lactone by glucose oxidase followed by oxidation at C2 by D-gluconolactone oxidase. The immediate oxidation product of D-glucono-1,5-lactone by gluconolactone oxidase already has reducing activity on, e.g., 2,6-dichlorphenolindophenol. It is rather stable at pH 4. Upon pH shift, this compound spontaneously converts to D-isoascorbic acid. The unidentified immediate oxidation product could be 2-keto-D-glucono-1,5-lactone, which rearranges via a reversible transesterification reaction to the 1,4-lactone followed by an irreversible enolization to D-isoascorbic acid. The formation of 2-keto-D-gluconic acid as the result of 2-keto-D-glucono-1,5-lactone hydrolysis was not reported. The oxidation of the 1,4-lactone by D-gluconolactone oxidase might also occur to some extent, since D-glucono-1,5-lactone shows a tendency to slowly rearrange to the 1,4-lactone at pH[4and the D-gluconolactone oxidase of Penicillium cyaneofulvum accepts both D-glucono-1,5-lactone and the corresponding 1,4-lactone . This reaction would directly deliver the keto-isomer of D-isoascorbic acid. The sequence of the reactions from D-glucose to D-isoascorbic acid, first oxidation at C1, then oxidation at C2 (C1, C2), is similar to the naturally evolved Asc biosynthesis from L-galactose or L-gulose. Oxidation of D-gluconolactone at C2 is also afforded by pyranose-2-oxidase from Polyporus obtusus. In this reaction both D-isoascorbic acid and 2-keto- D-gluconic acid were obtained in a roughly 1:1 ratio. Obviously, following the natural C1, C2 oxidation sequence, transesterification and (iso)ascorbic acid formation are preferred over hydrolysis and 2-keto sugar acid formation or are at least possible to a significant extent. If the sequence of oxidation reactions is reversed (C2, C1), i.e., D-glucopyranose is first oxidized by pyranose-2-oxidase to D-glucosone followed by glucose oxidase treatment, 2-keto-D-gluconate was reported as the only oxidation product. Though not explicitly reported, it is safe to assume that the later oxidation occurs with 2-keto-D-gluco-1,5-pyranose and delivers as the immediate reaction product 2-keto-D-glucono-1,5-lactone, which hydrolyzes affording 2-keto-D-gluconate. It is unclear why the spontaneous follow-up reaction of 2-keto-D-glucono-1,5-lactone delivers, at least to some extent, D-isoascorbic acid if obtained according to the C1, C2 reaction sequence, but only 2-keto-D-gluconate if obtained by the C2, C1 oxidation sequence. General Description Watery odorless colorless liquid. Denser than water and soluble in water. Hence sinks in and mixes with water. Air & Water Reactions Water soluble. Reactivity Profile A weak reducing agent. Health Hazard No toxicity Biochem/physiol Actions Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle associated (PYGM), is an important contributor to glycogenolysis. Down regulation of PYGM gene is observed in schizophrenia. Mutation in PYGM leads to McArdle disease, a glycogen storage disorder. The PYGM gene is significantly associated with energy production. Safety Profile Mildly toxic by ingest ion. An experimental teratogen. Experi mental reproductive effects. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. Mutation data reported. Potentially explosive reaction with potassium nitrate + sodium peroxide when heated in a sealed container. Uxtures with alkali release carbon monoxide when heated. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. Purification Methods Crystallise -D-glucose from hot glacial acetic acid or pyridine. Traces of solvent are removed by drying in a vacuum oven at 75o for >3hours. [Gottfried Adv Carbohydr Chem 5 127 1950, Kjaer & Lindberg Acta Chem Scand 1 3 1713 1959, Whistler & Miller Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry I 1301962, Academic Press, Beilstein 1 IV 4306.] [For equilibrium forms see Angyal Adv Carbohydr Chem 42 15 1984, Angyal & Pickles Aust J Chem 25 1711 1972.]   D(+)-Glucose Preparation Products And Raw materials Raw materials Hydrochloric acid-->Sodium carbonate-->Starch-->D-Glucose monohydrate Preparation Products Potassium benzylpenicillin-->Penicillin G sodium salt-->L-Histidine-->Gibberellic acid-->COPPER (II) GLUCONATE, MIN. 98-->Sodium erythorbate-->Abamectin-->4-NITROPHENYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE-->FERROUS GLUCONATE DIHYDRATE-->Guanosine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt-->Cyclooctapentylose-->5'-Guanylic acid-->Sodium gluconate-->Flour improver-->Tobramycin-->POLYOXIN A-->BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN-->Pectinase-->Erythorbic Acid-->Doxycycline hydrochloride-->Basic chromic sulfate-->CTP-->Mannitol-->Xanthophyll-->Xanthan gum-->High Fructose Syrups-->D-Ribose-->Thienamycin-->Manganese gluconate-->Vat Yellow 33-->Glucosyl licorice-->alkyl polyglucoside-->Polydextrose-->PALATINOSE-->Norepinephrine-->Tobacco essence-->Potassium gluconate-->Clavulanic acid-->AZOXYBENZENE-->CALCIUM GLUCONATE MONOHYDRATE

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Leader Biochemical Group is a large leader incorporated industry manufacturers and suppliers of advanced refined raw materials From the year of 1996 when our factory was put into production to year of 2020, our group has successively invested in more than 52 factories with shares and subordinates.We focus on manufacture Pharm & chemicals, functional active ingredients, nutritional Ingredients, health care products, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and refined feed, oil, natural plant ingredients industries to provide top quality of GMP standards products.All the invested factories' product lines cover API and intermediates, vitamins, amino acids, plant extracts, daily chemical products, cosmetics raw materials, nutrition and health care products, food additives, feed additives, essential oil products, fine chemical products and agricultural chemical raw materials And flavors and fragrances. Especially in the field of vitamins, amino acids, pharmaceutical raw materials and cosmetic raw materials, we have more than 20 years of production and sales experience. All products meet the requirements of high international export standards and have been recognized by customers all over the world. Our manufacture basement & R&D center located in National Aerospace Economic & Technical Development Zone Xi`an Shaanxi China. Now not only relying on self-cultivation and development as well as maintains good cooperative relations with many famous research institutes and universities in China. Now, we have closely cooperation with Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing Institute of Material Medical of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Zhejiang University. Closely cooperation with them not only integrating Science and technology resources, but also increasing the R&D speed and improving our R&D power. Offering Powerful Tech supporting Platform for group development. Keep serve the manufacture and the market as the R&D central task, focus on the technical research.  Now there are 3 technology R & D platforms including biological extract, microorganism fermentation and chemical synthesis, and can independently research and develop kinds of difficult APIs and pharmaceutical intermediates. With the strong support of China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry (hereinafter short for CSIPI), earlier known as Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry (SIPI), we have unique advantages in the R & D and industrialization of high-grade, precision and advanced products.  Now our Group technical force is abundant, existing staff more that 1000 people, senior professional and technical staff accounted for more than 50% of the total number of employees, including 15 PhD research and development personnel, 5 master′ S degree in technical and management personnel 9 people. We have advanced equipment like fermentation equipment and technology also extraction, isolation, purification, synthesis with rich production experience and strict quality control system, According to the GMP required, quickly transforming the R&D results to industrial production in time, it is our advantages and our products are exported to North and South America, Europe, Middle East, Africa, and other five continents and scale the forefront in the nation, won good international reputation.  We believe only good quality can bring good cooperation, quality is our key spirit during our production, we are warmly welcome clients and partner from all over the world contact us for everlasting cooperation, Leader will be your strong, sincere and reliable partner in China.

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D(+)-Glucose Basic information Description References Product Name: D(+)-Glucose Synonyms: D-Glucose-UL-12C6 (depleted of 13C);D-Glucose-UL-13C6, 1,2,3,4,5,6,6-D7;DEXTROSE,ANHYDROUS,GRANULAR,BIOTECHGRADE;DEXTROSE,ANHYDROUS,GRANULAR,REAGENT,ACS;DEXTROSE,ANHYDROUS,GRANULAR,USP,EP,BP,JP;DEXTROSE,ANHYDROUS,ULTRAPURE;(3R,4R,5S,6S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol;Cerelose 2001 CAS: 50-99-7 MF: C6H12O6 MW: 180.16 EINECS: 200-075-1 Product Categories: chemical reagent;pharmaceutical intermediate;phytochemical;reference standards from Chinese medicinal herbs (TCM).;standardized herbal extract;D-glucose, Grape sugar;Basic Sugars (Mono & Oligosaccharides);Biochemistry;Glucose;Sugars;Dextrins、Sugar & Carbohydrates;GChromatography;carbohydrate;Inhibitors;Islet Stem Cell Isolation;Miscellaneous Reagents and SupplementsNeural Stem Cell Biology;Supplements/ReagentsIslet Stem Cell Biology;Alphabetic;Analytical Standards;Food&Beverage Standards;Sweetener;Food&Beverage;Kits for Food Analysis;Special Applications;Carbohydrates;Carbohydrates A to;Carbohydrates GBiochemicals and Reagents;Monosaccharide;Food additive , Sweeteners;Food Additives;Cell Culture;Neural Stem Cell Isolation/Expansion;Reagents and Supplements;Supplements/Reagents Mol File: 50-99-7.mol   D(+)-Glucose Chemical Properties Melting point  150-152 °C(lit.) alpha  52.75 º (c=10, H2O, NH4OH 25 ºC) Boiling point  232.96°C (rough estimate) density  1.5440 refractive index  53 ° (C=10, H2O) storage temp.  room temp solubility  H2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless pka pKa 12.43(H2O,t = 18,)(Approximate) form  Crystalline Powder color  White PH 5.0-7.0 (25℃, 1M in H2O) Odor Odorless PH Range 5.9 optical activity [α]25/D +52.5 to +53.0°(lit.) Water Solubility  Soluble λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.03 λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.02 Merck  14,4459 BRN  1281608 Stability: Stable. Substances to be avoided include strong oxidizing agents. Combustible. InChIKey WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-DVKNGEFBSA-N CAS DataBase Reference 50-99-7(CAS DataBase Reference) NIST Chemistry Reference Glucose(50-99-7) EPA Substance Registry System Dextrose (50-99-7)   Safety Information Hazard Codes  Xi,Xn Risk Statements  36/37/38-63-62-46-36/38-21 Safety Statements  26-36/37-24/25-53-25 WGK Germany  1 RTECS  LZ6600000 F  3 Autoignition Temperature 500 °C TSCA  Yes HS Code  17023051 Hazardous Substances Data 50-99-7(Hazardous Substances Data) Toxicity LD50 orally in Rabbit: 25800 mg/kg MSDS Information Provider Language D(+)-Glucose English   D(+)-Glucose Usage And Synthesis Description D(+)-glucose ,a short form of dextrorotatory glucose, is a stereoisomer of glucose molecule, which is biologically active and whose bottom chiral carbon has its hydroxyl group (OH) located spatially to the right. Its molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) form and has two isomers α- and β-. It is the main source of energy in the form of ATP for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. In animals, it arises from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as glycogenolysis. D-(+)-Glucose has been used as a standard for the estimation of total sugar in hydrolyzed starch by phenol-sulfuric acid method. It has also been used in the preparation of the liquid media for culturing some yeast cells. In addition, it is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement, such as glucose syrup and glucose powder. It can be obtained by enzymatic cleavage of starch, so there are multiple sources like sugar cane, sugar beet, corn (corn syrup), potatoes and wheat. Today, large-scale starch hydrolysis is used to produce glucose. References 1. # lang=en®ion=CA 2. # 3. # 4. # 5. # Description D-(+)-Glucose is a monosaccharide that occurs in nature and is used by organisms as an energy source. D-(+)-Glucose is the more common enantiomer of L-(–)-glucose (Item No. 20829). Anhydrous Dextrose is the anhydrous form of D-glucose, a natural monosaccharide and carbohydrate. Dextrose serves to replenish lost nutrients and electrolytes. The agent provides metabolic energy and is the primary ingredient in oral rehydration salts (ORS) and is used in intravenous (IV) fluids to provide nutrients to patients under intensive care who are unable to receive them by the oral route. Solutions containing dextrose restore blood glucose levels and provide calories and may aid in minimizing liver glycogen depletion and exerts a protein-sparing action. Dextrose anhydrous also plays a role in the production of proteins and in lipid metabolism. Watery odorless colorless liquid. Denser than water and soluble in water. Hence sinks in and mixes with water. (USCG, 1999) Aldehydo-D-glucose is the open chain form of D-glucose. It is a D-glucose and an aldehydo-glucose. It is an enantiomer of an aldehydo-L-glucose. Description Glucose is one of the most important biological compounds found in nature. It is a main product in photosynthesis and is oxidized in cellular respiration. Glucose polymerizes to form several important classes of biomolecules including cellulose, starch, and glycogen. It also combines with other compounds to produce common sugars such as sucrose and lactose. The form of glucose displayed above is D-glucose. The “D” designation indicates the configuration of the molecule. The “D” configuration specifies that the hydroxyl group on the number 5 carbon is on the right side of the molecule. The mirror image of D-glucose produces another form of glucose called L-glucose. Glucose is the most common form of a large class of molecules called carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are the predominant type of organic compounds found in organisms and include sugar, starches, and fats. Carbohydrates, as the name implies, derive their name from glucose,C6H12O6, which was considered a hydrate of carbon with the general formula of Cn(H2O)n, where n is a positive integer. Although the idea of water bonded to carbon to form a hydrate of carbon was wrong, the term carbohydrate persisted. Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, with the carbon atoms generally forming long unbranched chains. Carbohydrates are also known as saccharides derived from the Latin word for sugar, saccharon. Chemical Properties White or almost white, crystalline powder. Originator Dextrose,Wockhardt Ltd.,India History D-Glucose is the most important and predominant monosaccharide found in nature. It was isolated from raisins by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (1709–1782) in 1747, and in 1838, Jean-Baptiste-André Dumas (1800–1884) adopted the name glucose from the Greek word glycos meaning sweet. Emil Fischer (1852–1919) determined the structure of glucose in the late 19th century. Glucose also goes by the names dextrose (from its ability to rotate polarized light to the right), grape sugar, and blood sugar. The term blood sugar indicates that glucose is the primary sugar dissolved in blood. Glucose’s abundant hydroxyl groups enable extensive hydrogen bonding, and so glucose is highly soluble in water. Uses Glucose is the primary fuel for biological respiration. During digestion, complex sugarsand starches are broken down into glucose (as well as fructose and galactose) in the small intestine.Glucose then moves into the bloodstream and is transported to the liver where glucoseis metabolized through a series of biochemical reactions, collectively referred to as glycolysis.Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose, occurs in most organisms. In glycolysis, the final productis pyruvate. The fate of pyruvate depends on the type of organism and cellular conditions.In animals, pyruvate is oxidized under aerobic conditions producing carbon dioxide. Underanaerobic conditions in animals, lactate is produced. This occurs in the muscle of humansand other animals. During strenuous conditions the accumulation of lactate causes musclefatigue and soreness. Certain microorganisms, such as yeast, under anaerobic conditions convertpyruvate to carbonic dioxide and ethanol. This is the basis of the production of alcohol.Glycolysis also results in the production of various intermediates used in the synthesis of otherbiomolecules. Depending on the organism, glycolysis takes various forms, with numerousproducts and intermediates possible. Uses glucose has moisture-binding properties and provides the skin with a soothing effect. It is a sugar that is generally obtained by the hydrolysis of starch. Uses Glucose is a corn sweetener that is commercially made from starch by the action of heat and acids or enzymes, resulting in the complete hydrolysis of the cornstarch. There are two types of refined commercially available: hydrate, which contains 9% by weight water of crystallization and is the most often used, and anhydrous glucose, which contains less than 0.5% water. is a reducing sugar and produces a high-temperature browning effect in baked goods. It is used in ice cream, bakery products, and confections. It is also termed corn sugar. Uses Dextrose(D-glucose), a simple sugar (monosaccharide), is an important carbohydrate in biology Uses Labelled D-Glucose is a simple sugar that is present in plants. A monosaccharide that may exist in open chain or cyclic conformation if in solution. It plays a vital role in photosynthesis and fuels the energy required for cellular respiration. D-Glucose is used in various metabolic processes including enzymic synthesis of cyclohexyl-α and β-D-glucosides. Can also be used as a diagnostic tool in detection of type 2 diabetes mellitus and potentially Huntington's disease through analysis of blood-glucose in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Uses A primary source of energy for living organisms Uses D(+)-Glucose anhydrous for biochemistry Reag. Ph Eur. CAS 50-99-7, molar mass 180.16 g/mol. Definition Naturally occurring GLUCOSE belongs to the stereochemical series D and is dextrorotatory, indicated by the symbol (+). Thus the term dextrose is used to indicate D-(+)-glucose. As other stereochemical forms of glucose have no significance in biological systems the term ‘glucose’ is often used interchangeably with dextrose in biology. Definition ChEBI: The open chain form of D-glucose. Manufacturing Process D-Glucose is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. Dehydration of Dextrose Monohydrate. 1. Dehydration with Fluid-bed Dryer Dextrose monohydrate was brought in a horizontal-placed turbo-dryer (VOMM, Mailand, Italy). The dehydration occurred at a temperature of between 90° to 150°C in a stream of air of 5 Normalised m3/kg (i.e volume of gas at 0°C and 1 mbar) dextrose and a rotation speed of 1200 min-1. Dehydration of Glucose Syrup (Dextrose Content 96%). A glucose syrup (C*SWEET D 02763 Cerestar) (dry substance ca. 70%) was sprayed at a flow rate of 7 kg/h at 70°C into a Niro FSD pilot plant spray dryer. For powdering ca. 9 kg coarsely milled dried product at a ratio liquid/solid of 1:2 was added. The atomising conditions were as follows: The drying chamber was operated at: The fluid bed was adjusted to: Brand name Cartose (Sterling Winthrop) Dextrose. Therapeutic Function Sugar supplement Biotechnological Production The D-configuration of D-isoascorbic acid at C5 allows a short biosynthetic pathway from D-glucose, i.e., its 1,5-glucopyranoside, which is oxidized to D-glucono-1,5-lactone by glucose oxidase followed by oxidation at C2 by D-gluconolactone oxidase. The immediate oxidation product of D-glucono-1,5-lactone by gluconolactone oxidase already has reducing activity on, e.g., 2,6-dichlorphenolindophenol. It is rather stable at pH 4. Upon pH shift, this compound spontaneously converts to D-isoascorbic acid. The unidentified immediate oxidation product could be 2-keto-D-glucono-1,5-lactone, which rearranges via a reversible transesterification reaction to the 1,4-lactone followed by an irreversible enolization to D-isoascorbic acid. The formation of 2-keto-D-gluconic acid as the result of 2-keto-D-glucono-1,5-lactone hydrolysis was not reported. The oxidation of the 1,4-lactone by D-gluconolactone oxidase might also occur to some extent, since D-glucono-1,5-lactone shows a tendency to slowly rearrange to the 1,4-lactone at pH[4and the D-gluconolactone oxidase of Penicillium cyaneofulvum accepts both D-glucono-1,5-lactone and the corresponding 1,4-lactone . This reaction would directly deliver the keto-isomer of D-isoascorbic acid. The sequence of the reactions from D-glucose to D-isoascorbic acid, first oxidation at C1, then oxidation at C2 (C1, C2), is similar to the naturally evolved Asc biosynthesis from L-galactose or L-gulose. Oxidation of D-gluconolactone at C2 is also afforded by pyranose-2-oxidase from Polyporus obtusus. In this reaction both D-isoascorbic acid and 2-keto- D-gluconic acid were obtained in a roughly 1:1 ratio. Obviously, following the natural C1, C2 oxidation sequence, transesterification and (iso)ascorbic acid formation are preferred over hydrolysis and 2-keto sugar acid formation or are at least possible to a significant extent. If the sequence of oxidation reactions is reversed (C2, C1), i.e., D-glucopyranose is first oxidized by pyranose-2-oxidase to D-glucosone followed by glucose oxidase treatment, 2-keto-D-gluconate was reported as the only oxidation product. Though not explicitly reported, it is safe to assume that the later oxidation occurs with 2-keto-D-gluco-1,5-pyranose and delivers as the immediate reaction product 2-keto-D-glucono-1,5-lactone, which hydrolyzes affording 2-keto-D-gluconate. It is unclear why the spontaneous follow-up reaction of 2-keto-D-glucono-1,5-lactone delivers, at least to some extent, D-isoascorbic acid if obtained according to the C1, C2 reaction sequence, but only 2-keto-D-gluconate if obtained by the C2, C1 oxidation sequence. General Description Watery odorless colorless liquid. Denser than water and soluble in water. Hence sinks in and mixes with water. Air & Water Reactions Water soluble. Reactivity Profile A weak reducing agent. Health Hazard No toxicity Biochem/physiol Actions Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle associated (PYGM), is an important contributor to glycogenolysis. Down regulation of PYGM gene is observed in schizophrenia. Mutation in PYGM leads to McArdle disease, a glycogen storage disorder. The PYGM gene is significantly associated with energy production. Safety Profile Mildly toxic by ingest ion. An experimental teratogen. Experi mental reproductive effects. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. Mutation data reported. Potentially explosive reaction with potassium nitrate + sodium peroxide when heated in a sealed container. Uxtures with alkali release carbon monoxide when heated. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. Purification Methods Crystallise -D-glucose from hot glacial acetic acid or pyridine. Traces of solvent are removed by drying in a vacuum oven at 75o for >3hours. [Gottfried Adv Carbohydr Chem 5 127 1950, Kjaer & Lindberg Acta Chem Scand 1 3 1713 1959, Whistler & Miller Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry I 1301962, Academic Press, Beilstein 1 IV 4306.] [For equilibrium forms see Angyal Adv Carbohydr Chem 42 15 1984, Angyal & Pickles Aust J Chem 25 1711 1972.]   D(+)-Glucose Preparation Products And Raw materials Raw materials Hydrochloric acid-->Sodium carbonate-->Starch-->D-Glucose monohydrate Preparation Products Potassium benzylpenicillin-->Penicillin G sodium salt-->L-Histidine-->Gibberellic acid-->COPPER (II) GLUCONATE, MIN. 98-->Sodium erythorbate-->Abamectin-->4-NITROPHENYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE-->FERROUS GLUCONATE DIHYDRATE-->Guanosine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt-->Cyclooctapentylose-->5'-Guanylic acid-->Sodium gluconate-->Flour improver-->Tobramycin-->POLYOXIN A-->BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN-->Pectinase-->Erythorbic Acid-->Doxycycline hydrochloride-->Basic chromic sulfate-->CTP-->Mannitol-->Xanthophyll-->Xanthan gum-->High Fructose Syrups-->D-Ribose-->Thienamycin-->Manganese gluconate-->Vat Yellow 33-->Glucosyl licorice-->alkyl polyglucoside-->Polydextrose-->PALATINOSE-->Norepinephrine-->Tobacco essence-->Potassium gluconate-->Clavulanic acid-->AZOXYBENZENE-->CALCIUM GLUCONATE MONOHYDRATE