China Largest Manufacturer factory sales L-Tyrosine disodium salt dihydrate CAS 638-23-3 CAS NO.638-23-3

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Carbocistein Basic information Product Name: Carbocistein Synonyms: (l)-2-amino-3-(carboxymethylthio)propionicacid;(r)-s-(carboxymethyl)cysteine;carbocisteine;l.j.206;l-3-((carboxymethyl)thio)alanine;l-carboxymethylcysteine;3-[(CARBOXYMETHYL)THIO]ALANINE;3-CARBOXYMETHYLTHIO-L-ALANINE CAS: 638-23-3 MF: C5H9NO4S MW: 179.19 EINECS: 211-327-5 Product Categories: Pyrans;API intermediates;Food and Feed Additive;Small molecule;Mainly used in chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma and other diseases caused by sticky sputum, cough phlegm difficulties and phlegm obstruction airway disease treatment;API;PROTECTED AMINO ACID & PEPTIDES;Amino Acids;Cysteine [Cys, C];Nutritional Supplements;Amines;Chiral Reagents;Intermediates & Fine Chemicals;Pharmaceuticals;Amino Acid Derivatives;Cysteine/Cystine;Peptide Synthesis;A - H;Amino Acids;Modified Amino Acids Mol File: 638-23-3.mol   Carbocistein Chemical Properties Melting point  208-213 °C (dec.) alpha  -31 º (c=1, 10% NaH2CO3) Boiling point  417.3±45.0 °C(Predicted) density  1.315 (estimate) refractive index  1.5216 (estimate) storage temp.  2-8°C solubility  Aqueous Acid, Aqueous Base (Sparingly, Sonicated) pka 2.06±0.10(Predicted) form  Amorphous Powder color  White to slightly off-white Water Solubility  SOLUBLE IN COLD WATER Merck  14,1802 BRN  1725012 CAS DataBase Reference 638-23-3(CAS DataBase Reference) EPA Substance Registry System L-Cysteine, S-(carboxymethyl)- (638-23-3)   Safety Information Hazard Codes  Xi Risk Statements  36/37/38 Safety Statements  24/25-36-26 WGK Germany  2 RTECS  AY4342000 TSCA  Yes HS Code  29309090 Toxicity LD50 oral in rat: > 15gm/kg MSDS Information Provider Language 3-Carboxymethylthio-L-alanine English SigmaAldrich English ACROS English ALFA English   Carbocistein Usage And Synthesis Chemical Properties white to slightly off-white amorphous powder Originator Rhinathiol,Kramer,Switz. Uses carbocysteine is an amino acid. It can be used to help control sebum production. Uses Carbocisteine is a mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders ranging from the influenza virus infection to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Uses Labeled Carbocisteine, intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of Carbocisteine by GC- or LC-mass spectrometry. Manufacturing Process There were placed 120g of L-cysteine (0.5 mol) in a 2 liter three-necked flask equipped with a stirrer thermometer and methanol/dry ice cooling and 1.5 liters of liquid ammonia were allowed to enter at -40°C. Then there were added under continuous cooling 50 g (2.17 mols) of sodium metal in portions of 1 to 2 g during the course of one hour. The end of the reaction was recognized by the continuation of the blue color. After the end of the reaction the excess sodium was destroyed by the addition of ammonium chloride and the ammonia vaporized at normal pressure. The residue was taken up in 500 ml of water and concentrated in a vacuum to 200 ml in order to remove residual ammonia, and again treated with 300 ml of water. The entire operations were carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere. The aqueous solution of the disodium salt of L-cysteine obtained is then reacted at 20°C to 30°C under a nitrogen atmosphere in the course of 30 minutes with stirring with a solution of 104 g of chloroacetic acid (1.1 mols) and 4 g of sodium pyrosulfite in 200 ml of water. It is also allowed to post react for 15 minutes at 20°C, the solution clarified over activated carbon and the filtrate treated with 90 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid to a pH of 2.5. Thereby the S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine precipitates out in crystalline form. The product is filtered off with suction, well stirred in 500 ml of water, again filtered with suction and dried in a vacuum at 70°C. The yield is 92% based on L-cysteine. Brand name Loviscol (Wyeth-Ayerst); Mucofan (Wyeth-Ayerst). Therapeutic Function Mucolytic, Expectorant, Nasal antiinfective Biochem/physiol Actions S-Carboxymethyl-L-cysteine is studied as a small molecule mucoactive drug in vivo. These studies include analyzing the oxidative metabolism of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine by enzymes such as phenylalanine monooxygenase(s). Safety Profile contact. A riot control agent. When heated   Carbocistein Preparation Products And Raw materials Raw materials Chloroacetic acid-->Sodium metabisulfite-->L-Cysteine-->L-Cysteine hydrochloride anhydrous-->S-Carboxymethyl-L-cysteine-->Sodium Preparation Products carbocysteine sulfoxide

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Leader Biochemical Group is a large leader incorporated industry manufacturers and suppliers of advanced refined raw materials From the year of 1996 when our factory was put into production to year of 2020, our group has successively invested in more than 52 factories with shares and subordinates.We focus on manufacture Pharm & chemicals, functional active ingredients, nutritional Ingredients, health care products, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and refined feed, oil, natural plant ingredients industries to provide top quality of GMP standards products.All the invested factories' product lines cover API and intermediates, vitamins, amino acids, plant extracts, daily chemical products, cosmetics raw materials, nutrition and health care products, food additives, feed additives, essential oil products, fine chemical products and agricultural chemical raw materials And flavors and fragrances. Especially in the field of vitamins, amino acids, pharmaceutical raw materials and cosmetic raw materials, we have more than 20 years of production and sales experience. All products meet the requirements of high international export standards and have been recognized by customers all over the world. Our manufacture basement & R&D center located in National Aerospace Economic & Technical Development Zone Xi`an Shaanxi China. Now not only relying on self-cultivation and development as well as maintains good cooperative relations with many famous research institutes and universities in China. Now, we have closely cooperation with Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing Institute of Material Medical of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Zhejiang University. Closely cooperation with them not only integrating Science and technology resources, but also increasing the R&D speed and improving our R&D power. Offering Powerful Tech supporting Platform for group development. Keep serve the manufacture and the market as the R&D central task, focus on the technical research.  Now there are 3 technology R & D platforms including biological extract, microorganism fermentation and chemical synthesis, and can independently research and develop kinds of difficult APIs and pharmaceutical intermediates. With the strong support of China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry (hereinafter short for CSIPI), earlier known as Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry (SIPI), we have unique advantages in the R & D and industrialization of high-grade, precision and advanced products.  Now our Group technical force is abundant, existing staff more that 1000 people, senior professional and technical staff accounted for more than 50% of the total number of employees, including 15 PhD research and development personnel, 5 master′ S degree in technical and management personnel 9 people. We have advanced equipment like fermentation equipment and technology also extraction, isolation, purification, synthesis with rich production experience and strict quality control system, According to the GMP required, quickly transforming the R&D results to industrial production in time, it is our advantages and our products are exported to North and South America, Europe, Middle East, Africa, and other five continents and scale the forefront in the nation, won good international reputation.  We believe only good quality can bring good cooperation, quality is our key spirit during our production, we are warmly welcome clients and partner from all over the world contact us for everlasting cooperation, Leader will be your strong, sincere and reliable partner in China.

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Carbocistein Basic information Product Name: Carbocistein Synonyms: (l)-2-amino-3-(carboxymethylthio)propionicacid;(r)-s-(carboxymethyl)cysteine;carbocisteine;l.j.206;l-3-((carboxymethyl)thio)alanine;l-carboxymethylcysteine;3-[(CARBOXYMETHYL)THIO]ALANINE;3-CARBOXYMETHYLTHIO-L-ALANINE CAS: 638-23-3 MF: C5H9NO4S MW: 179.19 EINECS: 211-327-5 Product Categories: Pyrans;API intermediates;Food and Feed Additive;Small molecule;Mainly used in chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma and other diseases caused by sticky sputum, cough phlegm difficulties and phlegm obstruction airway disease treatment;API;PROTECTED AMINO ACID & PEPTIDES;Amino Acids;Cysteine [Cys, C];Nutritional Supplements;Amines;Chiral Reagents;Intermediates & Fine Chemicals;Pharmaceuticals;Amino Acid Derivatives;Cysteine/Cystine;Peptide Synthesis;A - H;Amino Acids;Modified Amino Acids Mol File: 638-23-3.mol   Carbocistein Chemical Properties Melting point  208-213 °C (dec.) alpha  -31 º (c=1, 10% NaH2CO3) Boiling point  417.3±45.0 °C(Predicted) density  1.315 (estimate) refractive index  1.5216 (estimate) storage temp.  2-8°C solubility  Aqueous Acid, Aqueous Base (Sparingly, Sonicated) pka 2.06±0.10(Predicted) form  Amorphous Powder color  White to slightly off-white Water Solubility  SOLUBLE IN COLD WATER Merck  14,1802 BRN  1725012 CAS DataBase Reference 638-23-3(CAS DataBase Reference) EPA Substance Registry System L-Cysteine, S-(carboxymethyl)- (638-23-3)   Safety Information Hazard Codes  Xi Risk Statements  36/37/38 Safety Statements  24/25-36-26 WGK Germany  2 RTECS  AY4342000 TSCA  Yes HS Code  29309090 Toxicity LD50 oral in rat: > 15gm/kg MSDS Information Provider Language 3-Carboxymethylthio-L-alanine English SigmaAldrich English ACROS English ALFA English   Carbocistein Usage And Synthesis Chemical Properties white to slightly off-white amorphous powder Originator Rhinathiol,Kramer,Switz. Uses carbocysteine is an amino acid. It can be used to help control sebum production. Uses Carbocisteine is a mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders ranging from the influenza virus infection to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Uses Labeled Carbocisteine, intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of Carbocisteine by GC- or LC-mass spectrometry. Manufacturing Process There were placed 120g of L-cysteine (0.5 mol) in a 2 liter three-necked flask equipped with a stirrer thermometer and methanol/dry ice cooling and 1.5 liters of liquid ammonia were allowed to enter at -40°C. Then there were added under continuous cooling 50 g (2.17 mols) of sodium metal in portions of 1 to 2 g during the course of one hour. The end of the reaction was recognized by the continuation of the blue color. After the end of the reaction the excess sodium was destroyed by the addition of ammonium chloride and the ammonia vaporized at normal pressure. The residue was taken up in 500 ml of water and concentrated in a vacuum to 200 ml in order to remove residual ammonia, and again treated with 300 ml of water. The entire operations were carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere. The aqueous solution of the disodium salt of L-cysteine obtained is then reacted at 20°C to 30°C under a nitrogen atmosphere in the course of 30 minutes with stirring with a solution of 104 g of chloroacetic acid (1.1 mols) and 4 g of sodium pyrosulfite in 200 ml of water. It is also allowed to post react for 15 minutes at 20°C, the solution clarified over activated carbon and the filtrate treated with 90 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid to a pH of 2.5. Thereby the S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine precipitates out in crystalline form. The product is filtered off with suction, well stirred in 500 ml of water, again filtered with suction and dried in a vacuum at 70°C. The yield is 92% based on L-cysteine. Brand name Loviscol (Wyeth-Ayerst); Mucofan (Wyeth-Ayerst). Therapeutic Function Mucolytic, Expectorant, Nasal antiinfective Biochem/physiol Actions S-Carboxymethyl-L-cysteine is studied as a small molecule mucoactive drug in vivo. These studies include analyzing the oxidative metabolism of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine by enzymes such as phenylalanine monooxygenase(s). Safety Profile contact. A riot control agent. When heated   Carbocistein Preparation Products And Raw materials Raw materials Chloroacetic acid-->Sodium metabisulfite-->L-Cysteine-->L-Cysteine hydrochloride anhydrous-->S-Carboxymethyl-L-cysteine-->Sodium Preparation Products carbocysteine sulfoxide Product Name: L-Cysteine hydrochloride anhydrous Synonyms: L-(+)-α-amino-β-thiopropionic acid;L-β-mercapto;(2R)-2-Amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid hydrochloride;(2R)-2-Amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid·hydrochloric acid;L-Cisteine·hydrochloride;L-Cysteine·hydrochloric acid;L-Cysteine hydrochlo;L-Cysteine hydrochloride anhydrous, extra pure CAS: 52-89-1 MF: C3H8ClNO2S MW: 157.62 EINECS: 200-157-7 Product Categories: Amino Acid Derivatives;Amino acidsPeptide Synthesis;Cysteine/Cystine;Amino Acids and Vitamins;Amino AcidsNutrition Research;Reagents and Supplements;L-Amino Acids;Amino acidsIon Channels;NMDA Agonists;Biochemicals Found in Plants;Excitatory Amino Acids;Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor ModulatorsNeurotransmitters;Ligand-Gated Ion Channels;Nutrition Research;Food and Feed Additive;Cysteine [Cys, C];Amino Acids;Nutritional Supplements Mol File: 52-89-1.mol   L-Cysteine hydrochloride anhydrous Chemical Properties Melting point  180°C alpha  5.5 º (c=8, 6 N HCL) storage temp.  Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature solubility  H2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless form  Solid color  White to light brown optical activity [α]20/D +6.4±0.3°, c = 5% in 5 M HCl Water Solubility  SOLUBLE Sensitive  Hygroscopic Merck  14,2781 BRN  3560277 Stability: Stable, but light, moisture and air sensitive. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, some metals. InChIKey IFQSXNOEEPCSLW-DKWTVANSSA-N CAS DataBase Reference 52-89-1(CAS DataBase Reference) NIST Chemistry Reference L-cysteine hydrochloride(52-89-1) EPA Substance Registry System L-Cysteine hydrochloride (52-89-1)   Safety Information Hazard Codes  Xi Risk Statements  36/37/38 Safety Statements  26-36 WGK Germany  2 RTECS  HA2275000 F  3-10-23 TSCA  Yes HS Code  29309013 Toxicity LD50 intraperitoneal in mouse: 1250mg/kg MSDS Information Provider Language L-Cysteine hydrochloride anhydrous English SigmaAldrich English ALFA English   L-Cysteine hydrochloride anhydrous Usage And Synthesis Chemical Properties solid Uses As dough conditioner. Uses L-Cysteine hydrochloride, anhydrous is widely used as additive in food production. It is used as an antioxidant to promote fermentation and keep the flavor. It is also used in cosmetics and animal feed. Definition ChEBI: A hydrochloride obtained by combining L-cysteine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride. General Description L-cysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid. Biochem/physiol Actions NMDA glutamatergic receptor agonist that is also an agonist at AMPA glutamatergic receptors at high concentrations. Safety Profile : Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal, intravenous, and possibly other routes. Mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NOx, SOx, and Cl-. Purification Methods Likely impurities are cystine and tyrosine. Crystallise the salt from MeOH by adding diethyl ether, or from hot 20% HCl. Dry it under vacuum over P2O5. Hygroscopic. [Beilstein 4 III 1580, 1600.]   L-Cysteine hydrochloride anhydrous Preparation Products And Raw materials Raw materials Ethanol-->Stannous chloride dihydrate-->L-Cystine-->L-Cysteine-->thiazoline Preparation Products N-Boc-S-Trityl-L-cysteine-->Carbocistein-->H-GLY-CYS-OH-->S-2-Hydroxyethyl-L-cysteine-->S-(3-Carboxypropyl)-L-cysteine-->BOC-CYS-OH Product Name: L-TYROSINE DISODIUM SALT Synonyms: DISODIUM TYROSINE;L-3-[4-HYDROXYPHENYL]ALANINE DISODIUM SALT;L-TYROSINE DISODIUM SALT;L-TYROSINE DISODIUM SALT, DIHYDRATE;(S)-2-AMINO-3-(4-HYDROXYPHENYL)PROPIONIC ACID, DISODIUM SALT;L-TYROSINE DISODIUM SALT 95+%;CultureSure L-Tyrosine Disodium Salt Dihydrate, Animal-derived-free;disodium,(2S)-2-amino-3-(4-oxidophenyl)propanoate,dihydrate CAS: 122666-87-9 MF: C9H9NNa2O3 MW: 225.15 EINECS:   Product Categories:   Mol File: 122666-87-9.mol   L-TYROSINE DISODIUM SALT Chemical Properties storage temp.  2-8°C form  powder color  off-white to tan Water Solubility  Soluble in water. Sensitive  Hygroscopic   Safety Information Hazard Codes  Xi Risk Statements  36/37/38 Safety Statements  26-36 WGK Germany  3 MSDS Information Provider Language SigmaAldrich English   L-TYROSINE DISODIUM SALT Usage And Synthesis Uses Tyrosine is a polar, naturally occurring, non-essential amino acid. It is used as a cell culture media component for the commercial biomanufacture of therapeutic recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies.   L-TYROSINE DISODIUM SALT Preparation Products And Raw materials Product Name: CALCIUM BUTYRATE Synonyms: Butanoicacid,calciumsalt;calciumdibutyrate;BUTYRIC ACID CALCIUM SALT;CALCIUM BUTYRATE;Calcium Butyrate (~90%);Bisbutanoic acid calcium salt;Dibutyric acid calcium salt;Calcium dibutanoate CAS: 5743-36-2 MF: C8H14CaO4 MW: 214.27 EINECS: 227-265-7 Product Categories:   Mol File: 5743-36-2.mol   CALCIUM BUTYRATE Chemical Properties Melting point  >300°C density  1.30 g/cm3 storage temp.  Room Temperature, under inert atmosphere solubility  DMSO (Soluble), Methanol (Slightly) form  Solid color  White to Off-White CAS DataBase Reference 5743-36-2(CAS DataBase Reference)   Safety Information MSDS Information   CALCIUM BUTYRATE Usage And Synthesis Uses Calcium Butyrate was used in the biological study in small intestine of pigs where Butyrate improved digestive and absorptive capacities. Purification Methods Recrystallise it from water (5mL/g) by partial evaporation in a desiccator and dry it in a vacuum to constant weight. [Pathak & Bhide J Indian Chem Soc 30 47, 48 1953.] Its dissociation constant at 25o is 0.29 [Colman-Porter & Monk J Chem Soc 4363 1952, Beilstein 2 IV 785].   CALCIUM BUTYRATE Preparation Products And Raw materials Preparation Products Butyraldehyde-->2-Pentanone   Product Name: BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN Synonyms: BETA BYCLODEXTRIN;SCHARDINGER BETA-DEXTRIN;Schardinger β-Dextrin ;b-Cyclodextrin (1.02127);B-cyclodextrin cell culture tested;B-cyclodextrin crystalline;cycloheptapentylose;B-Cyclodextrin CAS: 7585-39-9 MF: C42H70O35 MW: 1134.99 EINECS: 231-493-2 Product Categories: Biochemistry;Cyclodextrins;Functional Materials;Macrocycles for Host-Guest Chemistry;Oligosaccharides;Sugars;Industrial/Fine Chemicals;Dextrins、Sugar & Carbohydrates;Cosmetic Ingredients & Chemicals;Inhibitors Mol File: 7585-39-9.mol   BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN Chemical Properties Melting point  290-300 °C (dec.) (lit.) alpha  [α]D25 +159～+165° (c=1, H2O) (After Drying) Boiling point  844.96°C (rough estimate) density  1.2296 (rough estimate) FEMA  4028 | BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN refractive index  1.7500 (estimate) storage temp.  room temp solubility  1 M NaOH: 50 mg/mL pka 11.73±0.70(Predicted) form  powder color  white PH 5.0-8.0 (1% in solution, Ph Eur) optical activity [α]20/D +162±3°, c = 1.5% in H2O Water Solubility  Soluble in water and ammonium hydroxide. Merck  14,2718 BRN  78623 Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. EPA Substance Registry System .beta.-Cyclodextrin (7585-39-9)   Safety Information Hazard Codes  Xi Risk Statements  36/37/38-20 Safety Statements  26-36-24/25 WGK Germany  2 RTECS  GU2293000 TSCA  Yes HS Code  29400000 MSDS Information Provider Language SigmaAldrich English   BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN Usage And Synthesis Description Cyclodextrins refer to a family of compounds consisting of sugar molecules bound together in ring (cyclic oligosaccharides). It is produced from starch through enzymatic conversion. Beta-cyclodextrin is the 7-membered sugar ring molecular form of cyclodextrin. Cyclodextrin has various applications. In the pharmaceutical industry, it can be used as complexing agents for increasing the solubility of poorly soluble drug as well as increasing their bioavailability and stability. It can also alleviate the gastrointestinal drug irritation, and prevent drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions. It can also be used in food, pharmaceutical, drug delivery, and chemical industries, as well as agriculture and environmental engineering. References # # Chemical Properties white powder Chemical Properties Cyclodextrins occur as white, practically odorless, fine crystalline powders, having a slightly sweet taste. Some cyclodextrin derivatives occur as amorphous powders. Chemical Properties A biennial herbaceous plant very common in Europe, Asia, Africa and the United States, it has a tapering fleshy root, furrowed stem, finely cut feathery leaves, umbels of small flower heads in midsummer, and capsules containing two curved narrow seeds. The plant grows to about 60 cm and it blooms from May to July. The part used is the fruit, containing approximately 15% of fixed oils and 3 to 7% of essential oil. Caraway has a warm, biting flavor with a strong, fatty, harsh undernote. Chemical Properties beta Cyclodextrin is a virtually odorless, slightly sweet-tasting, white or almost white crystalline solid or fine powder. Occurrence A derivative of naturally occurring starch. Uses Use to solubilize non-polar compounds such as fatty acids, lipids and cholesterol. Reported useful for the selective precipitation of enantiomeric, positional or structural isomersβ-Cyclodextrin is used with dansyl chloride to form water-soluble complexes for fluorescent labeling of proteins. It is an active ingredient of household odor eliminator. It is also used in personal care products like toothpastes, skin creams and dusting powders. It finds applications in the cosmetic industry for products like detergents and perfumes for the controlled release of fragrances. Further, it is used to produce HPLC columns allowing chiral enantiomers separation. In addition to this, it is used to decrease the level of cholesterol in milk fat. Uses β-Cyclodextrin is a cyclic oligosaccharide produced from starch via enzymatic conversion. β-Cyclodextrin is commonly used to produce HPLC columns allowing chiral enantiomers separation. Production Methods Cyclodextrins are manufactured by the enzymatic degradation of starch using specialized bacteria. For example, β-cyclodextrin is produced by the action of the enzyme cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase upon starch or a starch hydrolysate. An organic solvent is used to direct the reaction that produces β-cyclodextrin, and to prevent the growth of microorganisms during the enzymatic reaction. The insoluble complex of β-cyclodextrin and organic solvent is separated from the noncyclic starch, and the organic solvent is removed in vacuo so that less than 1 ppm of solvent remains in the β-cyclodextrin. The β-cyclodextrin is then carbon treated and crystallized from water, dried, and collected. Preparation Usually produced commercially from Bacillus macerans or B. circulans fermentation of starch or starch hydrolysate. Essential oil composition In addition to carvone, the oil contains d-limonene, carveol, diacetyl furfural, methyl alcohol, acetic aldehyde and other substances. Caraway oil consists of 3.5 to 7% volatile and fatty oils; resin, sugar, tannin, mucilage. Taste threshold values Reported to have a taste threshold value lower than that of sucrose with a detection level of 3.9 to 27 ppm and a recognition level of 11 to 52 ppm General Description Beta-Cyclodextrin is the most abundant and cheap cyclic oligosaccharide that forms inclusion complexes with several drug molecules. Its main application is in tablet and capsule formulations. Pharmaceutical secondary standards for application in quality control, provide pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards. Pharmaceutical Applications Cyclodextrins are ‘bucketlike’ or ‘conelike’ toroid molecules, with a rigid structure and a central cavity, the size of which varies according to the cyclodextrin type. The internal surface of the cavity is hydrophobic and the outside of the torus is hydrophilic; this is due to the arrangement of hydroxyl groups within the molecule. This arrangement permits the cyclodextrin to accommodate a guest molecule within the cavity, forming an inclusion complex. Cyclodextrins may be used to form inclusion complexes with a variety of drug molecules, resulting primarily in improvements to dissolution and bioavailability owing to enhanced solubility and improved chemical and physical stability. Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes have also been used to mask the unpleasant taste of active materials and to convert a liquid substance into a solid material. b-Cyclodextrin is the most commonly used cyclodextrin, although it is the least soluble. It is the least expensive cyclodextrin; is commercially available from a number of sources; and is able to form inclusion complexes with a number of molecules of pharmaceutical interest. However, b-cyclodextrin is nephrotoxic and should not be used in parenteral formulations. b-Cyclodextrin is primarily used in tablet and capsule formulations. In oral tablet formulations, b-cyclodextrin may be used in both wet-granulation and direct-compression processes. The physical properties of b-cyclodextrin vary depending on the manufacturer. However, b-cyclodextrin tends to possess poor flow properties and requiresalubricant,such as 0.1% w/w magnesium stearate,when it is directly compressed. In parenteral formulations, cyclodextrins have been used to produce stable and soluble preparations of drugs that would otherwise have been formulated using a nonaqueous solvent. In eye drop formulations, cyclodextrins form water-soluble complexes with lipophilic drugs such as corticosteroids. They have been shown to increase the water solubility of the drug; to enhance drug absorption into the eye; to improve aqueous stability; and to reduce local irritation. Cyclodextrins have also been used in the formulation of solutions,suppositories, and cosmetics. Biochem/physiol Actions β-Cyclodextrin is the cyclic α heptamer of glucose. It acts as a host to form inclusion compounds with the guests including derivatives of benzene, cyclohexane, adamantane, other alicyclic guests, and also inorganic molecules or ions. It is generally used to solubilize non-polar compounds such a fatty acids, lipids and cholesterol. Safety Cyclodextrins are starch derivatives and are mainly used in oral and parenteral pharmaceutical formulations. They are also used in topical and ophthalmic formulations. Cyclodextrins are also used in cosmetics and food products, and are generally regarded as essentially nontoxic and nonirritant materials. However, when administered parenterally, β-cyclodextrin is not metabolized but accumulates in the kidneys as insoluble cholesterol complexes, resulting in severe nephrotoxicity. Cyclodextrin administered orally is metabolized by microflora in the colon, forming the metabolites maltodextrin, maltose, and glucose; these are themselves further metabolized before being finally excreted as carbon dioxide and water. Although a study published in 1957 suggested that orally administered cyclodextrins were highly toxic, more recent animal toxicity studies in rats and dogs have shown this not to be the case, and cyclodextrins are now approved for use in food products and orally administered pharmaceuticals in a number of countries. Cyclodextrins are not irritant to the skin and eyes, or upon inhalation. There is also no evidence to suggest that cyclodextrins are mutagenic or teratogenic. β-Cyclodextrin LD50 (mouse, IP): 0.33 g/kg(16) LD50 (mouse, SC): 0.41 g/kg LD50 (rat, IP): 0.36 g/kg LD50 (rat, IV): 1.0 g/kg LD50 (rat, oral): 18.8 g/kg LD50 (rat, SC): 3.7 g/kg storage Cyclodextrins should be stored in a tightly sealed container, in a cool, dry place.Cyclodextrins are stable in the solid state if protected from high humidity. Purification Methods Recrystallise β-cyclodextrin from water and dry it for 12hours in a vacuum at 110o, or 24hours in a vacuum at 70o. The purity is assessed by TLC on cellulose containing a fluorescent indicator. [Taguchi, J Am Chem Soc 108 2705 1986, Tabushi et al. J Am Chem Soc 108 4514 1986, Orstam & Ross J Phys Chem 91 2739 1987.] [Beilstein 19 IV 6287, 19/12 V 801.] Regulatory Status Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database: α-cyclodextrin (injection preparations); β-cyclodextrin (oral tablets, topical gels); γ-cyclodextrin (IV injections). Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients (stabilizing agent; solubilizing agent ); and in oral and rectal pharmaceutical formulations licensed in Europe, Japan, and the USA.   BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN Preparation Products And Raw materials Raw materials D(+)-Glucose-->Dextrin-->alpha-Amylase-->Superoxide dismutase-->AMYLOSE-->MALTOHEXAOSE Preparation Products Cyclooctapentylose-->MONASCUS RED-->Cyclohexapentylose-->HEPTAKIS-6-AZIDO-6-DEOXY-BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN, 1:1 DMF COMPLEX, 95-->2,6-DI-O-METHYL-BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN Product Name: Cystamine dihydrochloride Synonyms: 2,2’-dithiobis-ethanamindihydrochloride;2,2’-dithiobis-ethylamindihydrochloride;2-aminoethyldisulfidedihydrochloride;aed;Cystamine dihydrochloride, 98+%;bis-B-aminoethyldisulphide dihydrochloride;2,2μ-Diaminodiethyl disulfide dihydrochloride, 2,2μ-Dithiobis(ethylamine) dihydrochloride, Decarboxycystine dihydrochloride;Ethylamine, 2,2'-dithiobis-, dihydrochloride CAS: 56-17-7 MF: C4H14Cl2N2S2 MW: 225.2 EINECS: 200-260-7 Product Categories: Pyridines;Building Blocks;Chemical Synthesis;Organic Building Blocks;Sulfides/Disulfides;Sulfur Compounds;Pharmaceutical Intermediates Mol File: 56-17-7.mol   Cystamine dihydrochloride Chemical Properties Melting point  217-220 °C (dec.)(lit.) storage temp.  Store below +30°C. solubility  H2O: soluble1.0g/10 mL, clear to almost clear, colorless to almost colorless (<5.5 NTU) form  Crystalline Powder, Crystals or Chunks color  White to yellow Water Solubility  soluble Sensitive  Hygroscopic Merck  14,2776 BRN  3616850 Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. CAS DataBase Reference 56-17-7(CAS DataBase Reference) EPA Substance Registry System Ethanamine, 2,2'-dithiobis-, dihydrochloride (56-17-7)   Safety Information Hazard Codes  Xn Risk Statements  22-36/37/38 Safety Statements  37/39-26-36/37/39 WGK Germany  3 RTECS  KR7260000 TSCA  Yes HazardClass  IRRITANT HS Code  29309070 MSDS Information Provider Language 2,2'-Dithiodi(ethylammonium) dichloride English ACROS English SigmaAldrich English ALFA English   Cystamine dihydrochloride Usage And Synthesis Chemical Properties white powder Uses hepatoprotectant, t-glutaminase inhibitor, heat shock protein promoter, caspase inhibitor Uses sulfhydryl modifying reagent and heparin antagonist Uses Cystamine dihydrochloride acts as an anti-infective agent, which is used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. It is also used as a radiation-protective agent that interferes with sulfhydryl enzymes. Further, it serves as a heparin antagonist and sulfhydryl modifying reagent. In addition to this, it is used as an inhibitor of TGase. Safety Profile A poison by subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes. Experimental reproductive effects. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of HCl, SOx, and NOx. See also SULFIDES. Purification Methods Recrystallise the salt by dissolving in EtOH containing a few drops of dry EtOH/HCl, filtering and adding dry Et2O. The solid is dried in a vacuum and stored in a dry and dark atmosphere. It has been recrystallised from EtOH (solubility: 1g in 60mL of boiling EtOH) or MeOH (plates). The free base has b 90-Purification of Biochemicals — Amino Acids and Peptides 100o/0.001mm, 106-108o/5mm and 135-136o/760mm, d 4 1.1559, n D 1.5720. [Verly & Koch Biochem J 58 663 1954, Gonick et al. J Am Chem Soc 76 4671 1954, Jackson & Block J Biol Chem 113 137 1936.] The dihydrobromide has m 238-239o (from EtOH/Et2O) [Viscontini Helv Chim Acta 36 835 1953]. [Beilstein 4 H 287, 4 IV 1578.]   Cystamine dihydrochloride Preparation Products And Raw materials Raw materials Cysteamine hydrochloride Preparation Products Bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl] persulfide Product Name: Sodium carboxyl methylstarch Synonyms: sodium carboxyl methylstarch;SODIUM STARCH GLYCOLATE;SODIUM STARCH GLYCOLLATE;PRIMOJEL(R);CARBOXYMETHYL STARCH SODIUM;CARBOXYMETHYL STARCH SODIUM SALT;SodiumStarchGlycolateExtraPure;Primojel CAS: 9063-38-1 MF: C2H4O3·xNa·x MW: 0 EINECS: 618-597-7 Product Categories: 9063-38-1 Mol File: Mol File   Sodium carboxyl methylstarch Chemical Properties Melting point  >210°C (dec.) storage temp.  Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature solubility  Practically insoluble in methylene chloride. It gives a translucent suspension in water. form  neat color  White to Off-White CAS DataBase Reference 9063-38-1 EPA Substance Registry System Starch, carboxymethyl ether, sodium salt (9063-38-1)   Safety Information WGK Germany  1 HS Code  3505100092 MSDS Information   Sodium carboxyl methylstarch Usage And Synthesis Chemical Properties White or almost white, fine, free-flowing powder, very hygroscopic. Chemical Properties Sodium starch glycolate is a white or almost white free-flowing very hygroscopic powder. The PhEur 6.0 states that when examined under a microscope it is seen to consist of: granules, irregularly shaped, ovoid or pear-shaped, 30–100 mm in size, or rounded, 10–35 mm in size; compound granules consisting of 2–4 components occur occasionally; the granules have an eccentric hilum and clearly visible concentric striations. Between crossed nicol prisms, the granules show a distinct black cross intersecting at the hilum; small crystals are visible at the surface of the granules. The granules show considerable swelling in contact with water. Uses Sodium starch glycolate is widely used in oral pharmaceuticals as a disintegrant in capsule and tablet formulations. It is recommended to use in tablets prepared by either directcompression or wet-granulation processes. Uses Sodium Starch Glycolate is a starch of potato origin with α1-4 short linear linkages and branched α1-6 linkages between glucose units. Used in the synthesis of capsules for delivery of drugs or medicaments. Production Methods Sodium starch glycolate is a substituted derivative of potato starch. Typically, commercial products are also crosslinked using either sodium trimetaphosphate (Types A and B) or dehydration (Type C). Starch is carboxymethylated by reacting it with sodium chloroacetate in an alkaline, nonaqueous medium, typically denatured ethanol or methanol, followed by neutralization with citric acid, acetic acid, or some other acid. Vivastar P is manufactured in methanolic medium, and Explotab in ethanolic medium. Pharmaceutical Applications Sodium starch glycolate is widely used in oral pharmaceuticals as a disintegrant in capsule and tablet formulations. It is commonly used in tablets prepared by either direct-compression or wet-granulation processes. The usual concentration employed in a formulation is between 2% and 8%, with the optimum concentration about 4%, although in many cases 2% is sufficient. Disintegration occurs by rapid uptake of water followed by rapid and enormous swelling. Although the effectiveness of many disintegrants is affected by the presence of hydrophobic excipients such as lubricants, the disintegrant efficiency of sodium starch glycolate is unimpaired. Increasing the tablet compression pressure also appears to have no effect on disintegration time. Sodium starch glycolate has also been investigated for use as a suspending vehicle. Safety Sodium starch glycolate is widely used in oral pharmaceutical formulations and is generally regarded as a nontoxic and nonirritant material. However, oral ingestion of large quantities may be harmful. storage Tablets prepared with sodium starch glycolate have good storage properties. Sodium starch glycolate is stable although very hygroscopic, and should be stored in a well-closed container in order to protect it from wide variations of humidity and temperature, which may cause caking. The physical properties of sodium starch glycolate remain unchanged for up to 3 years if it is stored at moderate temperatures and humidity. Incompatibilities Sodium starch glycolate is incompatible with ascorbic acid. Regulatory Status Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (oral capsules and tablets). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.   Sodium carboxyl methylstarch Preparation Products And Raw materials Raw materials Acrylonitrile-->Sodium chloroacetate